EFTA01100700.pdf

NEW REPUBLIC Earth Has Now Had 3o Straight Years of Record Monthly Temperatures By Richard B. Rood: Feb. 26, 2015 If you're younger than 30, you've never experienced a month in which the average surface temperature of the Earth was below average. Each month, the US National Climatic Data Center calculates Earth's average surface temperature using temperature measurements that cover the Earth's surface. Then, another average is calculated for each month of the year for the twentieth century, 1901-2000. For each month, this gives one number representative of the entire century. Subtract this overall 19oos monthly average—which for February is 53.9F (12.1C)—from each individual month's temperature and you've got the anomaly: that is, the difference from the average. The last month that was at or below that 19oos average was February 1985. Ronald Reagan had just started his second presidential term and Foreigner had the number one single with eI want to know what love is." These temperature observations make it dear the new normal will be systematically rising temperatures, not the stability of the last 100 years. The traditional definition of climate is the 30- year average of weather. The fact that—once the official records are in for February 2015—it will have been 3o years since a month was below average is an important measure that the climate has changed. Wage of t/ EFTA01100700  February Global Surface Mean Temp Anomalies NCDC/NESDIS, NOA A Analysis is based upon Smith et al. (2008) methodology. 1.0 n'Land and Ocean I 1.0 0.5 t 7 . 3..1. PP .1 Lloll"-1 I 1..01 0.0 -.5 irripirifir i .1 0.0 -1.0 -1 00 • • 0.5[ • Ocean huL 1.0 0.0 I i 1 1 [111lb 0.0 'Ppr •'1" -0.5 -1.0 tc) 4.0 2.0 1.5 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.0 -2.0 -1.5 -3.0 '207 . , -4.0 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 How the Earth warms As you can see in the graphic above, ocean temperature doesn't vary as much as land temperature. This fact is intuitive to many people because they understand that coastal regions don't experience as extreme highs and lows as the interiors of continents. Since oceans cover the majority of the Earth's surface, the combined land and ocean graph strongly resembles the graph just for the ocean. Looking at only the ocean plots, you have to go all the way back to February 1976 to find a month below average. (That would be under President Gerald Ford's watch.) You can interpret variability over land as the driver of the ups and downs seen in the global graph. There are four years from 1976 onwards when the land was below average; the last time the land temperature was cool enough for the globe to be at or below average was February 1985. The flirtation with below-average temps was tiny—primarily worth noting in the spirit of accurate record keeping. Looking at any of these graphs, it's obvious that earlier times were cooler and more recent times are warmer. None of the fluctuations over land since 1976 provide evidence contrary to the observation that the Earth is warming. Some of the most convincing evidence that the Earth is warming is actually found in measures of the heat stored in the oceans and the melting of ice. However, we often focus on the surface air temperature. One reason for that is that we feel the surface air temperature; therefore, we have intuition about the importance of hot and cold surface temperatures. Another reason is historical; we have often thought of climate as the average of weather. We've been taking temperature observations for weather for a long time; it is a robust and essential observation. Wage of 4 EFTA01100701  Global Land and Ocean Temperature Anomalies. January-December 0 1110 1110 1;02 410 420 430 1940 1950 1960 '0/0 1910 '990 2000 2010 NOAH National Climatic Data Center Despite variability, a stable signal Choosing one month, February in this instance, perhaps overemphasizes that time in 1985 when we had a below average month. We can get a single yearly average for all the months in an entire year, January-December. If we look at these annual averages, then the ups and downs are reduced. In this case, 1976 emerges as the last year in which the global-average temperature was below the zoth century average of 57.oF (13.9C)—that's 38 years ago, the year that Nadia Comaneci scored her seven perfect ros at the Montreal Olympics. I am not a fan of tracking month-by-month or even year-by-year averages and arguing over the statistical minutia of possible records. We live at a time when the Earth is definitively warming. And we know why: predominately, the increase of greenhouse gas warming due to increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Under current conditions, we should expect the planet to be warming. What would be more important news would be if we had a year, even a month, that was below average. The variability we observe in surface temperature comes primarily from understood patterns of weather. Many have heard of El Nino, when the eastern Pacific Ocean is warmer than average. The eastern Pacific is so large that when it is warmer than average, the entire planet is likely to be warmer than average. As we look at averages, 3o years, ten years, or even one year, these patterns, some years wanner, some cooler, become less prominent. The trend of warming is large enough to mask the variability. The fact that there have been 3o years with no month below the twentieth- century average is a definitive statement that climate has changed. The 30-year horizon There are other reasons that this 30-year span of time is important. Thirty years is a length of time in which people plan. This includes personal choices—where to live, what job to take, how to plan for retirement. There are institutional choices—building bridges, building factories and power plants, urban flood management. There are resource management questions—assuring water Wage of t/ EFTA01100702 supply for people, ecosystems, energy production and agriculture. There are many questions concerning how to build the fortifications and plan the migrations that sea-level rise will demand. Thirty years is long enough to be convincing that the climate is changing, and short enough that we can conceive, both individually and collectively, what the future might hold. Finally, 3o years is long enough to educate us. We have 3o years during which we can see what challenges a changing climate brings us. Thirty years that are informing us about the next 3o years, which will be warmer still. This is a temperature record that makes it dear that the new normal will be systematically rising temperatures, not the ups and downs of the last loo years. Those who are under 3o years old have not experienced the climate I grew up with. In thirty more years, those born today will also be living in a climate that, by fundamental measures, will be different than the climate of their birth. Future success will rely on understanding that the climate in which we are all now living is changing and will continue to change with accumulating consequences. 4IPage of 4 EFTA01100703