podesta-emails
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"Democrats are expected to hold that lead during the 2008 cycle. Last month,
two Democrats launched Fund for America, a 527 group that plans to raise at
least $100 million to back the Democratic presidential nominee. Republicans
say they are recruiting donors to match that amount."
Interest Groups Gain
In Election Cash Quest Analysis Shows Giving
To Parties Has Dipped;
Beyond 'Swift Boating'
By *BRODY MULLINS *
*December 19, 2007; Page A1*
WASHINGTON -- One of the defining features of the 2004 presidential campaign
was the devastating attack on Sen. John Kerry by an obscure group called the
Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. In the years since, such independent
political groups have only grown stronger, and they are poised to play an
even bigger role in the 2008 elections.
Political groups unaffiliated with the two major parties account for an
increasingly large share of spending on federal campaigns -- 19% of the
total in 2006, up from just 7% in 2000, according to an analysis of
campaign-finance data by The Wall Street Journal. They now are horning in on
crucial campaign activities once dominated by the parties, such as buying
ads and getting out the vote.
[image: [Go to charts]]1
In Iowa, independent groups are whipsawing voters with a range of
conflicting messages. An organization called Common Sense Issues has funded
automated phone calls backing former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee and
criticizing his chief Republican rivals. The Club for Growth, an antitax
group, is working to defeat Mr. Huckabee with attack ads.
On the Democratic side, an organization called the American Federation of
Teachers AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education has spent $250,000 on
radio ads in Iowa backing Sen. Hillary Clinton. An environmental group
called Friends of Earth Action is running ads against Sen. Clinton.
Over the past four years, the national Democratic and Republican parties
have raised and spent less on elections than during the prior four years,
when adjusted for inflation. At the same time, independent political groups
have more than doubled their spending, and have begun to rival the parties
as an election-season financial force, the Journal's data analysis shows.
The shift, largely the result of campaign-finance laws intended to curtail
big-money donations to parties, could further polarize the American
political landscape. Because the Republican and Democratic parties aim to
appeal to broad swaths of the electorate, they tend to be moderating forces
in politics. That isn't true of the independent groups, which range from the
Sierra Club and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce to fringe groups like Swift
Boat Veterans for Truth, which disbanded after the 2004 election. They often
pursue narrower agendas or causes further out on the political spectrum.
The nonprofit groups are financed by wealthy individuals, corporations,
labor unions and other interest groups. Unlike the national parties, they
face no limits on how much money they can take in from contributors. They
often don't have to disclose their donors' names until months after an
election -- if at all.
During the 2000 election cycle, such outside groups spent at least $260
million on presidential and congressional races, one-fifth as much as was
spent by national political parties, according to the Journal analysis of
campaign data provided by the Federal Election Commission and two
nonpartisan organizations that track political spending. During the 2006
midterm elections, these outside groups spent about $600 million, almost
two-thirds as much as was spent by the Republican and Democratic parties,
the data indicate. Candidates themselves still account for the biggest piece
of spending -- a bit less than half.
Overall, the amount of money poured into each two-year election cycle
continues to climb. Data from the FEC and several groups that track campaign
finance indicate that total spending during presidential-election cycles
rose from $2.8 billion in 1995-96 to $3.6 billion in 1999-2000 to $4.8
billion in 2003-04. This year and next, it is expected to hit $6 billion,
political strategists say.
Nonparty political organizations date back many years. The nation's founding
fathers, in fact, considered it inevitable that outside political factions
would attempt to influence the government.
The growing clout of such groups is an unintended consequence of a 2002 law
intended to reduce the influence of money in politics. The Bipartisan
Campaign Reform Act of 2002, championed by Arizona Republican Sen. John
McCain, took aim at so-called soft-money donations to political parties.
Soft money had become a major source of funding for both parties, which used
the donations to support individual campaigns. The law barred the parties
from accepting large contributions from wealthy individuals, corporations,
labor unions and other interest groups.
The law elevated the importance of "bundlers" -- fund-raisers who gather
contributions from friends, employees and family and pass them on in lump
sums to political campaigns. Some bundlers had previously given soft money
to national parties. The law also prompted donors to turn to political
organizations not tied directly to the parties, many of them offshoots of
established special-interest groups.
There are several distinct classes of independent political groups, each
taking its name from the section of the Internal Revenue Service code under
which it is organized. Most are known as 527 organizations. Although 527
groups are recognized as political, they are prohibited from explicitly
calling for the election or the defeat of candidates. Consequently, they
often promote or attack candidates without instructing people to vote for or
against them.
Another class of independent groups is growing even faster -- and is flying
further under the radar. These groups are organized under section 501c of
the tax code, which gives tax-exempt status to nonprofit groups. One
category, called "social welfare," is governed by section 501(c)4. Those
groups can urge people to vote for or against a candidate -- so long as
campaigning isn't their primary purpose, and they don't accept money from
corporations or labor unions. Labor groups are governed by section 501(c)5;
business groups by section 501(c)6. These 501(c) organizations don't have to
disclose their donors.
Data from two nonpartisan organizations that track campaign finance -- the
Center for Public Integrity and the Center for Responsive Politics -- show
that election-cycle spending by 527 organizations rose from $171 million in
2000 to $316 million in 2002 to $653 million in 2004. Spending dropped to
$443 million for the 2006 midterm elections. Spending on midterm elections
typically runs lower than on presidential elections.
The new groups are pulling in money that the major parties used to receive.
Before the 2002 crackdown, financier George Soros donated more than $200,000
to the Democratic Party. Since then, he has given at least $20 million to
the 527 organizations. American Financial Group Inc. Chairman Carl Lindner
previously donated more than $1.5 million in soft money to the Republican
Party. In 2006, he gave about $500,000 to a 501(c)4 group called Common
Sense Ohio, which sought to re-elect several Republican senators. In the
last four years, Mr. Lindner has donated $3.6 million to outside groups
backing Republican candidates, according to campaign-finance documents.
Because the IRS doesn't require 501(c) organizations to detail election
spending or to list contributors, it's difficult to track their political
activity. The Journal analyzed data on 30 separate 501(c) groups active in
elections from 2000 to 2006, culled from a variety of sources. The data show
that the 30 organizations spent at least $155 million on the 2006 elections,
nearly twice what they spent in 2000.
The 501(c) organizations are likely to become even more important in the
2008 election. After the 2004 election, the FEC sought to crack down on 527
organizations that violate the IRS rule against calling for the election or
the defeat of any candidate. Now, several large 527 groups are setting up
501(c)4 social-welfare organizations, which are allowed to back candidates
explicitly.
Scott Reed, a Republican strategist, says that for political campaigns,
using 501(c)4 organizations is "now the most effective way to go because
donors are safe and don't need to be disclosed."
The Club for Growth, the antitax group, used to use a 527 structure for its
election work. But the FEC fined it earlier this year for stepping over the
line barring explicit voting recommendations. During the current election
cycle, the group is shifting the work to a 501(c)4 unit, which carries fewer
restrictions. The new structure will make the organization "bigger, better
and more effective," said its president, Pat Toomey, in a letter to members.
"We now have a significant new ability to run advertisements that directly
call for the election or defeat of candidates." Another advantage, Mr.
Toomey noted, is that "unlike the past, your donations to the Club will not
be disclosed to the public."
The League of Conservation Voters, an environmental-advocacy group that was
also fined by the FEC for its 527 spending, has made a similar move.
Another environmental group, Defenders of Wildlife, started a 501(c)4
organization before the 2006 election, partly to help wage a campaign to
defeat California Republican Rep. Richard Pombo, then the chairman of the
environment committee in the U.S. House. The group spent $2 million. Mr.
Pombo lost the election. Rodger Schlickeisen, the group's president, says it
plans to spend $5 million this election on campaigns against four
candidates, including Rep. Don Young, the Alaska Republican who once was
chairman of the same environment panel.
While independent groups have been building clout, the national political
parties have been losing election-spending power. In 2002, the national
parties raised $591 million in soft money, which funded about half of their
budgets for that year's election cycle. (Figures used in this story have
been adjusted for inflation.) Over the last four years, following the ban on
soft money, the national parties have had about $200 million less to spend
on campaigns, an 8% drop.
During the 2000 presidential election, the Republican and Democratic parties
paid for 50% of advertising in the 70 largest cities, according to a study
by the Wisconsin Advertising Project at the University of Wisconsin. In
2004, that figure fell to 17%. Outside groups accounted for 20% of the
advertisements in the 2004 presidential campaign, double the amount of 2000,
according to the project.
Democrats have led the charge toward using independent political
organizations. Soon after the 2002 law took effect, several Democratic
strategists, including Harold Ickes, a former top official with the
Democratic Party, and Steve Rosenthal, who had run political operations for
the AFL-CIO, met for dinner at BeDuCi's restaurant in Washington. They
worried that the Republican Party would adjust better than the Democrats in
2004 to the loss of soft money because it controlled the White House, and
because President Bush knew how to rake in campaign cash, Mr. Rosenthal
recalls.
The Democrats decided to create and coordinate a set of 527 organizations,
such as America Coming Together and the Media Fund, which would essentially
act like a shadow Democratic Party. The Democratic strategists raised $200
million from wealthy liberals, trial lawyers, labor unions and other
traditional backers of the Democratic Party, and spent it on the campaign,
according to campaign finance records. The Democratic National Committee
spent $390 million on the election, according to campaign records.
All told, since the campaign-finance law took effect, the 527 organizations
that support Democratic candidates have spent nearly three times as much
money on elections than those backing Republicans, according to the Campaign
Finance Institute. One reason for the disparity is that corporations, once
the largest source of soft-money donations to the Republican Party, haven't
poured much money into 527s. Campaign-finance lawyers who advise 527
organizations say that corporations are concerned about getting involved
with groups that run afoul of campaign-finance rules.
Democrats are expected to hold that lead during the 2008 cycle. Last month,
two Democrats launched Fund for America, a 527 group that plans to raise at
least $100 million to back the Democratic presidential nominee. Republicans
say they are recruiting donors to match that amount.
Because they have their own agendas, outside organizations sometimes clash
with one another, the national parties, even the candidates they support.
Abortion-rights advocates say Democratic Party officials sometimes bristle
when they fund political advertisements in support of candidates, because
the ads focus attention on an issue that can alienate some voters. Naral
Pro-Choice America plans to spend $10 million on the 2008 election cycle,
double its budget for 2004. It hasn't yet endorsed any presidential
candidate.
Sen. Clinton has been both the beneficiary and the target of considerable
spending by independent groups. Friends of the Earth Action, an
environmental group backing former Sen. John Edwards, is attacking her for
not taking a stand on a global-warming bill. Emily's List, an organization
that backs Democratic candidates who are pro-choice, has spent nearly
$300,000 so far to support her in Iowa.
On the Republican side, the antitax Club for Growth has clashed with the
Republican Party several times. Last year, the group campaigned against
Republican Sen. Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island because he had voted against
several tax cuts. Mr. Chafee won his primary anyway, but lost to a Democrat
in the general election.
This year, the group has been attacking Mr. Huckabee for supporting tax
increases as Arkansas governor. "Call Mike Huckabee," one ad instructs
viewers. "Ask why he supported all those taxes."
Common Sense Issues Inc., the group backed by American Financial Group's Mr.
Lindner in 2006, is funding automated phone calls to Iowa voters touting Mr.
Huckabee and spreading negative information about his rivals.
Mr. Huckabee said the mudslinging approach of Common Sense Issues "violates
the spirit of our campaign." Patrick Davis, a former Republican Party
consultant who is managing the independent campaign, says that he hasn't
spoken with Mr. Huckabee, "therefore we don't know what the spirit of his
campaign is."
--T.W. Farnam contributed to this article.
*Write to *Brody Mullins at [email protected]
- Show quoted text -
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