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FARIEY W ITALICS SA/20061:46:05 AM Prostitution, Trafficking, and Cultural Amnesia: What We Must Not Know in Order To Keep the Business of Sexual Exploitation Running Smoothly Melissa Farleyt INTRODUCTION "Wise governments," an editor in the Economist opined, "will accept that paid sex is ineradicable, and concentrate on keeping the business clean, safe and inconspicuous."' That third adjective, "inconspicuous," and its relation to keeping prostitution "ineradicable," is the focus of this Article. Why should the sex business be invisible? What is it about the sex industry that makes most people want to look away, to pretend that it is not really as bad as we know it is? What motivates politicians to do what they can to hide it while at the same time ensuring that it runs smoothly? What is the connection between not seeing prostitution and keeping it in existence? There is an economic motive to hiding the violence in prostitution and trafficking. Although other types of gender-based violence such as incest, rape, and wife beating are similarly hidden and their prevalence denied, they are not sources of mass revenue. Prostitution is sexual violence that results in massive tMelissa Farley is a research and clinical psychologist at Prostitution Research & Education, a San Francisco non-profit organization. She edited PRGSTITIMON. TRAFFICKING. AND TRAUMATIC STRESS in 2003, which contains contributions from important voices in the field, and she has authored or contributed to twenty-five peer-reviewed articles. Farley is currently engaged in a series of cross-cultural studies on men who buy women in prostitution. and she is also helping to produce an an exhibition that will help shin the ways that people see prostitution, pornography. and sex trafficking. On the one-year anniversary of her death. I note that Andrea Dworkin's life and her words changed my life. Catharine MacKinnon's wisdom about exactly how women get hurt by men. her generous heart. and her fabulous critical reviews, have made it possible for me to keep writing. Margaret Baldwin. a brilliant and compassionate attorney who is in the process of setting up a state-of-the-an treatment center for women escaping prostitution. has been a joy to work with. Nikki Craft's vigilance. her devotion to cyberspace. and her saucy attitude are an inspiration to me. And thank you to Dorchen Leidholdt for saying to me in the back of that bus near Beijing. "why don't you compare other countries to the US—that hasn't been done before? And write about the emotional harms why don't you?" I thank Emily Teplin and Zachariah Bo Summers at Yale Law School for their assistance and their dedication in editing this paper. 1. The Sex Business. THE ECONOMIST. Feb. 14. 1998. at 17. Copyright 2006 by the Yale Journal of Law and Feminism EFTA00726875 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 I:66:05 MA 102 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (Vol. 18:N economic profit for some of its perpetrators.2 The sex industry, like other global enterprises, has domestic and international sectors, marketing sectors, a range of physical locations out of which it operates in each community, is controlled by many different owners and managers, and is constantly expanding as technology, law, and public opinion permit. Many governments protect commercial sex businesses because of the monstrous profits. Like slavery, prostitution is a lucrative form of oppression.3 And both slavery and prostitution are rife with every imaginable type of physical and sexual violence. The institutions of prostitution and slavery have existed for thousands of years, and are so deeply embedded in cultures that they are invisible to some. In Mauritania, for example, there are 90,000 Africans enslaved by Arabs. Human rights activists have traveled to Mauritania to report on slavery, but because they think they know what slavery looks like and because they do not see precisely that stereotype in action—for example, if they do not see bidding for shackled people on auction blocks—they conclude that the Africans working in the fields in front of them are voluntary laborers who are receiving food and shelter as salary.4 Similarly, if people do not see exactly the stereotype of what they think "harmful" prostitution/trafficking is, for example, if they do not see a girl being dragged at gunpoint from one location to another, or if they see an eighteen year old who says, "I like this job and I'm getting rich," then they do not see the harm. Prostitution tourists and local johns see smiling girls waving at them from windows in Amsterdam, brothels in Mumbai, or strip clubs in Las Vegas. Johns and their friends decide that prostitution is a free choice. On the other hand, survivors of prostitution have described it as "volunteer slaverys5 and as "the choice made by those who have no choice." If you're a woman or girl, global forces that choose you for prostitution are sex discrimination, race discrimination, poverty, abandonment, debilitating sexual 2. In Las Vegas. Nevada. three law enforcement sources and one investigative reporter have separately estimated that the sex industry and its ancillary operations (including both legal and illegal activities such as legal lapdancing. extortion monies paid to taxi drivers for delivery of customers to specific strip clubs, and tips to valets and bartenders for procuring women). generate between SI and 55 billion per year. This research is forthcoming in a report on Nevada prostiturion/trafficking to be released by the author in 2006. Melissa Farley. Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada. 2006. (unpublished manuscript. on file with author). 3. See. e.g.. KATHLEEN BARRY. FEMALE. SEXUAL SLAVERY (1979): KATHLEEN BARRY. THE PROSTITUTION OF SEXUALITY (1995) [hereinafter PROSTITUTION OF SEXUALITYE. CATHARINE A. MACKINNON. SEX EQUALITY 1447-72 (2001) (discussing prostitution and slavery). 4. See Elinor Burkett. God Created Me to Be a Slave. N.Y. TIMES MAG.. OcL 12. 1997. at 56. Since Burkett wrote the article, there has been increasing awareness of different manifestations of slavery. sometimes including prostitution. See. e.g.. U.S. DF.P.T OF STATE. OFFICE TO MONITOR AND COMBAT TRAFFICKING W PERSONS. RESCUING VICHAIS OF MODERN-DAY SLAVERY (2005). http://wwwstate.govighiphisfix/20D5/55233.htm. 5. INE VANWESENBEECIC. PROSTITUIES. WELL-BEING AND RISK 149 (1994). 6. CIIRISTA WISTERICIL THE GLOBALIZED WOMAN: REPORTS FROM A FUTURE OF INEQUALITY 63 (2000). EFTA00726876 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 I:46:05 AM 2006) Prostitution, Trafficking and Cultural Amnesia 103 and verbal abuse, poor education or no education, and a job that does not pay a living wage. All drive girls and women into the commercial sex industry. 7 Defined as whores when they were young, women who appear to choose prostitution have been sexually abused as children at much higher rates than other women. One way that women end up 'choosing' prostitution is that they are paid for the abuse that they have already grown up with. They assume that's all they are good for.8 In this analysis, prostitution is a gendered survival strategy based on the assumption of unreasonable risks by the person in it. Regardless of prostitution's legal status (legal, illegal, zoned, or decriminalized) or its physical location (snip club, massage parlor, street, escort/home/hotel), prostitution is extremely dangerous for women. Prostituted women are unrecognized victims of intimate partner violence by customers as well as pimps, Pimps and customers use methods of coercion and control like those of other batterers: economic exploitation, social isolation, verbal abuse, threats, physical violence, sexual assault, captivity, minimization and denial of their use of physical violence and abuse.1) ProstitutionArafficking/pomography thus systematically discriminate against women, against the young, against the poor and against ethnically subordinated groups. When prostitution is conceptually morphed into sex work, brutal exploitation by pimps becomes an employer-employee relationship. When prostitution is defined as labor, the predatory, pedophiliac purchase of a human being by a john becomes a banal business transaction." Prostitution is sometimes embraced in the media, in public health, and in the 7. The sex industry changes and expands constantly. It includes phone sex. Internet prostitution via live video chat, massage brothels, escort prostitution. gentlemen's clubs. topless clubs, the commercial marriage market. ritual abuse of children. sauna and nail parlor prostitution. street prostitution. strip clubs, lap dancing. peep shows. and pornography. 8. As a teen, one woman felt safer and more in control turning tricks in the street than she did inside her home where her stepfather regularly raped her and stole her epilepsy medication. Interview with anonymous prostituted woman, in San Francisco. Cal. (Sept 20. 2000). 9. See Christine Stark & Carol Hodgson. Sister Oppressions: A Comparison of Wife Battering and Prostitution. in PROSTMITION.TRAFFICKING. AND TRAUMATIC STRESS 17 (Melissa Farley ed.. 2003). IQ See EVELINA GIOBBE ET AL. A FACILITATOR'S GUIDE TO PROSTITUTION: A MATTER OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (Denise Gamache ed.. 1990)1herinafter GIOBBE. FACILITATOR'S GUIDE]: Evelina Giobbe. An Analysis ofIndividual. Institutional and Cultural Pimping. I MICH. J. GENDER @ L. 33 (1993): Evelina Giobbe. Prostitution: Buying the Right to Rape, in RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT III: A RESEARCH HANDBOOK 143 (Ann Wolben Burgess ed.. 1991). II. See Appendix A. Women Hurt in Systems of Prostitution Engaged in Revolt (WHISPER) demystified the "job" of prostitution with a tongue-in-cheek job application for prostitution. This satirical job description has been widely used in agencies that provide emotional support and alternatives to women escaping prostitution. For example. the author learned that women at SOS (Sisters Offering Support) in Honolulu tacked the job description onto the door of their group meeting room and that it led to much laughter. The job application is 0 WHISPER & Evelina Giobbe. All rights reserved. Permission granted to reprint. Previously printed in Melissa Farley. Preface: Prostitution. Trafficking. and Traumatic Stress, in PROSTITUTION. TRAFFICKING. AND TRAUMATIC STRESS, al xi. xx: MACKINNON. SEX EQUALITY. supra note 3. at 1437. EFTA00726877 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 I:46:05 AIM 104 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (Vol. 18:N academy as "sex work," and in that one word—work—the sexism, racism, and violent degradation of prostitution fade from sight. U.S. prostitution can be understood in the context of the cultural normalization of prostitution as a glamorous and wealth-producing "job" for girls who lack emotional support, education, and employment opportunities. The sexual exploitation of children and women in prostitution is often indistinguishable from incest, intimate partner violence, and rape.''- Indian feminist Jean D'Cunha asked, "What will be the. . . outcome of struggles against sexual harassment and violence in the home, the workplace, or the street, if men can buy the right to perpetrate these very acts against women in prostitution?s13 This Article discusses and analyzes some of the empirical data on the harms of prostitution, pornography and trafficking. This information has to be culturally, psychologically, and legally denied because to know it would interfere with the business of sexual exploitation. 1. In order to view prostitution as a job, and in order to keep the business of sexual exploitation running smoothly, we can not know that prostitution is extremely violent. Each act of violence that has been made visible as a result of the women's movement—incest, sexual harassment, misogynist verbal abuse, stalking, rape, battering, and sexual torture—is one point on the continuum of violence occurring in prostitution. As one survivor explained: There are thousands of books and classes that provide women with information on self-defense and rape "avoidance" strategies. Some of the basic lessons they teach us are not to walk alone at night on dark deserted streets, not to get into cars with strange men, not to pick up guys in a bar, not to even let a delivery man into your home when you're by yourself. Yet this is what the 'job" of prostitution requires; that women put themselves in jeopardy every time they turn a trick. And then we ask, "How do you prevent it from leading to danger?" The answer is, you can't. Count the bodies.I4 In the past two decades, a number of authors have documented or analyzed the sexual and physical violence that is the normative experience for women in 1Z See Marjolein Gysels et at. Women Who Sell Sex in a Ugandan Trading Town: Life Histories. SurvivalStrategies and Risk. 54 SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE 179. 179-192 (2002). 13. Jean D'Cunha. Legalizing Prostitution: In Search of Alternatives From a Gender and Rights Perspective 39 (Seminar on the Effects of Legalisation of Prostitution Activities. Stockholm. Sword.. Nov. 5-6.2002). 14. Evelina Giobbe. The Vox Fights. VOX. Winter 1991. at 34 [hereinafter Giobbe. The Vox Fights]. See also Evelina Giobbe. Confronting the liberal Lies about Prostitution. in THE SEXUAL LIBERALS AND THE ATTACK ON FEMINISM 67.76 (Dorchen Leidholdt & Janice Raymond eds.. 1990). EFTA00726878 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 I:66:05 2006) Prostitution, Trafficking and Cultural Amnesia 105 prostitution.13 Today, there is a significant peer-reviewed literature documenting the violence in prostitution. Familial sexual abuse functions as a training ground for prostitution. Survivors link childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as children to later prostitution.16 Many studies lend support to this analysis. Seventy percent of the adult women in prostitution in one study said that their childhood sexual abuse led to entry into prostitution." Early adolescence is the most frequently reported age of entry into any type of prostitution. As one girl said, We've all been molested. Over and over, and raped. We were all molested and sexually abused as children, don't you know that? We ran to get away.. .. We were thrown out, thrown away. We've been on the street since we were 12,I3,14."" According to the empirical data (but not according to single-person, 'happy-hooker' narratives) familial abuse or neglect is almost universal among prostituted women. Of fifty-five survivors of prostitution at the Council for Prostitution Alternatives in Portland, eighty-five percent reported a history of incest, ninety percent a history of physical abuse, and ninety-eight percent a history of emotional abuse.19 Multiple perpetrators of sexual and physical abuse were the rule rather than the exception. Sexual violence and physical assault are the norm for women in all types of prostitution. One Canadian observer noted that ninety-nine percent of women in prostitution were victims of violence, with more frequent injuries "than workers in [those] occupations considered ... most dangerous, like mining, forestry, and firefighting."2° Prostituted women in Glasgow said that violence 15. For summaries of this literature. see BARRY. TEE PROSTITUTION OE SEXUALITY. supra note 3: RYAN BISHOP & LILLIAN S. ROBINSON. NIGHT MARKET: SEXUAL CULTURES AND THE THAI ECONOMIC MIRACLE (1998): ANDREA DWORKIN. PORNOGRAPHY: MEN POSSESSING WOMEN (1981): MACKINNON. SEX EQUALITY. supra note 3: SHEILA JEFFREYS. THE IDEA OF PROSTITUTION (1997): Andrea Dworkin. Pornography, Prostitution, and a Beautiful and Tragic Recent History, in NOT FOR SALE: FEMINISTS RESISTING PROSTITUTION AND PORNOGRAPHY 137 (Rebecca Whisnant & Christine Stark eds.. 2004): Melissa Farley et al.. Prostitution in Nine Countries. in PROSTITUTION. TRAFFICKING. AND TRAUMATIC STRESS 33 (Melissa Farley ed.. 2003) [hereinafter Prostitution in Nine Countries[. There is also a wealth of relevant information available at hup:fAvvv.catwinternationatorg. 16. Dworkin described incest as "boot camp' for prostitution. ANDREA DWORKIN. LIFE AND DEATH 143 (1997). 17. Mimi H. Silbert & Ayala M. Pines. Early Sexual Exploitation w an Influence in Prostitution. 28 SOCIAL WORK 285 (1983). See also MIMI H. SILBERT ET AL.. SEXUAL ASSAULT OF PROSTITUTES (National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape. National Institute of Mental Health. San Francisco. CA. 1982). It See NORTHWEST RESOURCE Aeenr.. SURVIVAL SEX IN KING COUNTY. REPORT SUBMITTED TO KING COUNTY WOMEN'S ADVISORY BOARD 16 (1993). 19. E-mail from Susan Hunter to Melissa Farley (Apr. 4. 2006) (on file with author). See also Susan K. Hunter. Prostitution is Cruelty and Abuse to Women and Children. I MICH. J. GENDER & L. 91. 103 (1993) (discussing another phase of this series of studies that demonstrate similar high rates of childhood trauma among women escaping prostitution) 20. Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot et al.. Images of Prostitution: The Prostitute and Prim Media. 10 WOMEN & CRIM. JUST. 47.47 (1999). EFTA00726879 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 E46:05 AM 106 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (Vol. 18:N from customers was their primary fear.2I Physical abuse was considered part of the job of prostitution, with the payment sometimes determined by each individual blow of a beating or whipping.22 Violence is commonplace in prostitution whether it is legal or illegal.23 Eighty-five percent of prostituted women interviewed in Minneapolis-St. Paul had been raped in prostitution 2d Another study found that eighty percent of women who had been domestically or transnationally trafficked suffered violence-related injuries.2s Of 854 people in prostitution in nine countries, eighty-nine percent wanted to leave prostitution but did not have other options for survival.26 Researchers have found that two factors are consistently associated with greater violence in prostitution: poverty and length of time in prostitution. The more customers serviced, the more women reported severe physical symptoms.27 The longer women remained in prostitution, the higher their rates of sexually transmitted diseases.t8 When prostitution is assumed to be a reasonable "job option," women's intense longing to escape it is made invisible.29 Violence is common in prostitution whether it is located indoors or outdoors. The boundary between stripping, dancing, and prostitution no longer exists as it did twenty-five years ago.30 In today's strip clubs, johns who buy 21. See S. T. Green & D. J. Goldberg. Female Streenvonter-Prosfinaes in Glasgow: A Descriptive Study of Their Lifestyle. 5 AIDS CARE 321.328 (1993). 22 See id. at 328. 21 See generally VANWESENBEECK. supra note 5. 24. Ruth Paniott. Health Experiences of Twin Cities Women Used in Prostitution 20 (1994) (unpublished manuscript. on file with WHISPER. Minneapolis. MN). 25. JANICE G. RAYMOND ET AL. A COMPARATIVE. STUDY OF WOMEN TRAFFICKED IN THE MIGRATION PROCESS: PATTERNS. PROFILES AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL EXPLORATION IN FIVE COUNTRIES (INDONESIA. TILE PHILIPPINES. THAILAND. VENEZUELA AND DIE UNITED STATES) (2002). available at httplfaction.web.ca/home/catwireadingroom/shtml?x=17062. 26. See Farley. Prostitution in Nine Countries. supra note 15. Women in prostitution note that shelters and services may be available to battered women but not to prostituted women. Speaking of the need to include prostituted women in the battered women's movement. Evclina Giobbc testified. "IWlomen who are in prostitution. myself and my sisters.. have been subjected to the same abuse that every battered woman has spoken about in this room. except men paid for the right to do it. It's not a job. We're abused, and we need help.- Joshua M. Price. Violence Against Prostinaes and a Re-evaluation of the Counterpublic Sphere. 34 GENDERS 32 42001). http://www.genders.org/g341g34_price.html (quoting from a speech printed in an educational manual from the Massachusetts Coalition of Battered Women Service Groups Inc.). 27. See VANWESENBEECK. supra note 5. 2& See Parriou. supra note 24. at 14. 29. See. e.g.. GLOBAL ALLIANCE AGAINST TRAFFIC IN WOMEN. HANDBOOK FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ACTION IN THE CONTEXT OF TRAFFIC IN WOMEN 3 (1997). available at http://apnsw.orgiapnsw.htm ( - Women have the right to make a bad decision.- ): see also Melissa Farley & Sunjean Seo. Prostitution and Trafficking in Asia. 8 HARV. ASIA PAC. REV. 8 (2006) (discussing the role of the World Health Organization and other groups in normalizing prostitution as labor): Stark & Hodgson. supra note 9. 30. For documentation of the increasing sexual and physical violence by men against women who strip. see Melissa Farley. Bad for the Body. Bud for the Bean. 10 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 1087. 1102 (October 2(x04). available at http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/laws/000073.html: see also BRENT K. JORDAN. STRIPPED: TWENTY YEARS OF SECRETS FROM INSIDE THE STRIP CLUB (2004) (discussing the roles of bouncers in strip clubs: to respond to customers' sexual assaults on dancers. and EFTA00726880 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 E46:05 A.M 2006) Prostitution, Trafficking and Cultural Amnesia 107 Iapdances assume they'll be permitted to ejaculate with their pants on. When the sexual performance is more private, as in VIP moms or champagne rooms, the probability of violent sexual harassment including rape dramatically increases." Prostitution can be lethal.32 A Canadian commission found that the death rate of women in prostitution was forty times higher than that of the general population.33 A study of Vancouver prostitution reported a thirty-six percent incidence of attempted murder." The verbal abuse that is commonplace in prostitution is often minimized as a source of serious and longlasting harm. Despite its social invisibility, eighty- eight percent of women in one study described verbal abuse as an intrinsic part of prostitution.13 When women are turned into objects that men masturbate into, profound psychological harm results for the person who is acting as receptacle.36 In prostitution, a woman does not stay whole; she loses her name, her identity, and her feelings." Over time, the commodification and objectification of her body by pimps and johns are internalized. Portions of her body are numbed and compartmentalized. Eventually she also views her body as a commodity, rather than as integral to the rest of herself. Trauma and torture survivors commonly experience this profound disconnectedness.38 Continuous assaults on the woman's body in prostitution cause revulsion to ensure that customers are beaten up if they attempt to "trick" women out of their pay): see also Jacqueline Lewis. Lap Dancing: Personal and Legal implications for Exotic Dancers, in PROSTITIMON: ON WHORES. HUSTLERS, AND JOHNS 376 (James A. Elias et al. eds.. 1998) (noting that the amount and type of physical contact in stripping removes the boundary between it and prostitution): Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale et at.. Erotic Dancing and Health. 31 WOMEN & HEALTH 87. 104 (2000). 31. Holsopple documented the verbal. physical, and sexual abuse experienced by women in strip club prostitution including physical and sexual assaults on breasts, buttocks. and genitals. Women are kicked. bitten. slapped. spit on. and penetrated vaginally and anally during lap dancing. See Kelly Holsopple. Stripclubs According to Strippers: Exposing Workplace Violence (1998) (unpublished manuscript) (on file with author). 32. See John J. Potterat et al.. Mortality in a Long-Tenn Open Cohort of Prostitute Women. 159 AM. J. EPIDEMIOLOGY 778 (2004). 33. Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution. Pornography and Prostitution in Canada. 2 PORN. & PROSTTIVTION CAN. 350. 350 (1985). 34. Leonard Cler-Cunningham & Christine Christenson. Studying Violence to Stop It: Canadian Research on Violence Against Women in Vancouver's Street Level Sex Trade. 4 RESEARCH FOR SEX WORK 25.26 (2001). 35. Melissa Farley et al.. Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women. 42 TRANSCULTURAL PSYCHIATRY 242. 250 (2005). As one women explained. "It is internally damaging. You become in your own mind what these people do and say with you. You wonder how could you let yourself do this and why do these people want to do this to you?" Interview with anonymous prostituted woman, in San Francisco. Cal. (May 8.2004). 36. See generally CECILIE HOIGARD & IJV FINSTF.D. BACICS1REETS: PROSITILTION. MONEY AND LOVE 51 (1986) 37. See DWORKIN. LIFE AND DEATH. supra note 16. at 139-51. 3& See HARVEY L. SCHWARTZ DIALOGUES WTI FORGOTTEN VOICES: RELATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD ABUSE TRAUMA AND THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS (2000). EFTA00726881 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 1:46:05 AM 108 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (Vol. 18:N and repeated traumatization. Williams described her response to the rape/sex of prostitution: "(I] started getting physically ill whenever I turned a trick. My vagina closed on me again like it did when I was 15 years old (during a rape). . . One night a man tried to force himself inside of me and damaged his penis in the process."39 Reviewing four studies of dissociation among women in prostitution, researchers concluded that dissociation is a common psychological defense in response to the trauma of prostitution.° The dissociation necessary to survive rape, battering, and prostitution in adulthood is the same as that used to survive familial sexual assault. Dissociation has been observed as a consequence of torture and a means of surviving it.° Most women report that they cannot prostitute unless they dissociated2 When they do not dissociate, they are at risk for being overwhelmed with pain, shame, and rage. One woman explains: It's almost like I trained my mind to act like I like [prostitution] but not have any thoughts. I have the thoughts like 'What is this doing to my body and my mind and my self-esteem?' a few days later but not as it's happening.... Even though the guys are paying me for it, I feel like they're robbing me of something personal. And I wonder, Why are they doing this?'43 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly occurs among prostituted women, and is indicative of their extreme emotional distress. PTSD is characterized by anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, flashbacks, emotional numbing, and hyperalertness. In nine countries, we found that sixty- eight percent of those in prostitution met criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD,44 a prevalence that was comparable to battered women seeking shelter,JS rape survivors seeking treatment,J6 and survivors of state-sponsored torture.07 39. Anonymous. Stories. in SOLD OUT: A RECOVERY GUIDE FOR PROSTITUTES 77 (J. L. Williams ed.. 1991). 40. Colin A. Ross et al.. Dissociation Among Women in Prostitution. in PROSTITUTION. TRAFFICKING. AND TRAUMATICSTRESS 199 (Melissa Farley ed.. 2003). 41. See luornt L. HERMAN. TRAUMA AND RECOVERY (1992): Colin A. Ross et al.. Dissociation and Abuse Among Multiple Personality Patients, Prostitutes and Exotic Dancers. 41 HOSP. & COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY 328 (1990). 42. Drugs and alcohol function as chemical dissociation, facilitating psychological dissociation. Substance abuse also functions as an analgesic for physical injuries from violence in prostitution. 43. Virginia Vitnhum. Selling Intimacy. hup://archive.salon.com/seuteature/2000/07/25/ girl_part_iii/indexthtml (July 25. 2000)(quoting a prostituted woman). See generally MARIANNE WOOD. JUST A PROSTITUTE (1995) (discussing the rage that is a consequence of tolerating johns' behaviors). 44. Prostitution in Nine Countries. supra note 15. at 44. 45. Beth M. Houskamp & David W. Foy. The Assessment of Posuraumatic Stress Disorder in Battered Women: A Shelter Sample. 6 1. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 367 (1991) (citing a Pony-five percent incidence rate): Anita Kemp el al.. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PISD) in Battered Women: A Shelter Sample. 4 J. TRAUMATIC STRESS 137. 143 (1991)(ciling an eighty-four percent incidence rate). 46. 1.T. Bovines et at. Assault Characteristics and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape EFTA00726882 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 AM 2006I Prostitution, Trafficking and Cultural Amnesia 109 Across widely varying cultures on five continents, the traumatic consequences of prostitution were similar." Vanwesenbeeck noted comparable symptoms among women in legal Dutch prostitution." Results from two studies of prostituted Korean women reflect the women's intense psychological distress with PTSD prevalence rates of seventy-eight and eighty percent." Most people who have been in prostitution for any length of time have difficulty with sexual intimacy? Sex becomes a job, rather than an act of love or passion. It's difficult to see one's chosen partner as anything but a john. A woman who danced naked behind glass for johns who watched and masturbated noted that over a period of time "the glass had dissolved and [my partner] had become one of them."52 Men who prostitute experience similar damage to their sexuality and to their sense of self, as well as symptoms of traumatic stress that are identical to women's. As one man said, I got into it because I thought sex was about love, and underneath it all I was looking for a dad. It's done me no good mentally. A few years ago I thought it was a good way to make money, but it's not worth the price. . . . I wouldn't recommend it to anyone. . . . I got beaten up lots of times. I was forced to have sex and I was ripped off. . . . I was abused loads of times." 2. In order to consider prostitution a job. and in order to keep the business of sexual exploitation running smoothly, we can not know that racism and class prejudice, like sexism, are intrinsic to prostitution. Women who are marginalized because of a lack of education, because of Victims. 83 ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 27. 27-30 (1991Xciting a seventy percent incidence rate). 47. R. Ramsay et al.. Psychiatric Morbidity in Survivors of Organised State Violence Including Torture. 162 BRIT. J. PSYCHIATRY 55.55 (1993) (citing a fifty-one percent incidence rate). 48. Farley. Prostitution in Nine Countries. supra note 15. at 44. 49. Vanwesenbeeck found that ninety percent of women who were prostituted primarily in clubs. brothels, and windows reported "extreme nervousness." VANWESENBEECK, supra note 5. at 82. 50. Farley & Seo. supra note 29. at 9-12. See also Hyun Sun Kim. The Violent Characteristics of Prostitution and PTSD of Prostituted Women (June 2002) (unpublished thesis. Sungkonghoc University. Seoul. Korea) (on file with Sungjean Seo. Seoul. Korea): Letter from Jeong-Ho Chac (Nov. 22. 2005) (regarding preliminary data from a study of Trauma and Psychological Health of Women in Prostitution) (on file with Sungjean Sco. Seoul. Korea). 51. See Parriott. supra note 24. 52. Vicky Funari. Naked. Naughty. Nasty: Peepshow Reflections, in WHORES AND OTHER FEAIINLSTS 19. 32 (Jill Nagle ed.. 1997). Funari goes on to write. "Last night. lying in bed after work. I touched my belly, my breasts. They felt like Capri's [her peep show name] and they refused to switch back. When [my panne/ kissed me I inadvertently shrunk from his touch." Id. 53. BARBARA GIBSON. MALE ORDER: LIFE STORIES FROM BOYS WHO SELL SEX 86 (1995) (quoting a prostituted boy). See also GARY INDIANA. RENT BOY (1994): ROBERTA PERKINS & GARRY BENNETT. BFJNG A PROSTITUTE (1985): Christopher N. Kendall & Rus Ervin Funk. Gay Male Pornography's 'Actors:' When 'Fantasy' Isn't. in PROSTITUTION. TRAFFICKING. AND 'TRAUMATIC STRESS 93 (Melissa Farley ed.. 2003). EFTA00726883 FARLEY W ITALICS 5/3/2006 I:46:05 A.M 110 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (Vol. 18:N race and ethnic discrimination, poverty, previous physical and emotional harm and abandonment are the people purchased in prostitution. Prostitution is "chosen" as a job by those who have the fewest real choices available to them." Women in legal Dutch prostitution describe it as "volunteer slavery."" Until conditions of sex and race equality exist, laws must protect people from exploitation that might appear to be voluntary or consenting.S6 The critical question with respect to sex, race, and class-based discrimination in prostitution is not "did she consent?" but "has she been offered the real choice to exist without prostituting?" In the following three cases, each woman said that she consented to prostitution but in each situation, her living conditions made prostitution necessary for survival. An Indian woman said that prostitution was "better pay for what was expected of her in her last job, anyway;" women in most jobs in West Bengal, India, were expected to tolerate bosses' sexual exploitation in order to keep their jobs." A woman in Zambia, which had a ninety percent unemployment rate at the time, stated that she volunteered to prostitute in order to feed her family.S8 A Turkish woman was divorced, and had no means of support because she was discouraged from working outside the home. She applied to work in a state-run brothel where police guarded the entrance." Sexist and racist economic policies in the United States such as a lack of educational opportunity for poor families and a lack of sustainable income from many jobs contribute to women's and girls' entry into prostitution. The economic and legal vulnerability of undocumented immigrant women in the United States is exploited in prostitution/pomography. For example, the 8111 Street Latinas website advertises, "See hot, young & brown Latinas that will do absolutely anything to get their citizenship!sfi0 The intersection of racism, sexism and class is apparent in sex tourism. The prostitution tourist denies the racist exploitation of women in someone else's culture. Promoting this denial, travel agencies assure male tourists that Thai culture is 'overtly sexual' and that Thai people are child-like sensual people who never grow up." The prostitution tourist denies sexual exploitation by rationalizing that he is helping women escape poverty: "These girls gotta eat, don't they? I'm putting bread on their plate. I'm making a contribution. 54. See Catharine A. MacKinnon. Prostitution and Civil Rights. 1 MICH. J. GENDER & L. 13 (1993). 55. VANwESENBEECK. supra note 5. at149. 56. Telephone Interview with Jessica Neuwirth. Equality Now, in New York. N.Y. (Apr. 24.2006). 57. Molly C'hattopadhyay et al.. Biosocial Factors Influencing Women to Become Prostitutes in India. 41 SOCIAL BIOLOGY 252 (1994). 58. Interview with anonymous prostituted woman in Lusaka. Zambia (Feb. 17. 1996). 59. Interview with anonymous prostituted woman in Istanbul. Turkey (June 6. 1999). 60. 8th Street Latinos. http:ffwww.8thstreetlatinas.corrifmain.htm?id=faxxaff (last visited Apr. 25. 2006). 61. See generally BISHOP & ROBINSON. supra note 15. at 149. EFTA00726884 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 I:46:05 MA 2006j Prostitution, Trafficking and Cultural Amnesia 111 They'd starve to death unless they whored."62 However, the Thai perspective of this situation is diametrically opposed: "Thailand is like a stage, where men from around the world come to perform their role of male supremacy over Thai women, and their white supremacy over Thai people."63 Pornography, prostitution, and trafficking are rooted in sexism, racism and class prejudice, all of which are sexualized. Women in prostitution are purchased for their appearance, including skin color and characteristics based on ethnic stereotyping. Racist stereotypes in prostitution are driven by johns' demand for "something different." Forced by pimps to accommodate stereotypes of the submissive exotic with nowhere to run, one Korean- American survivor faked poor English even though she had grown up in the United States." The World Sex Guide recently linked to a website titled "Bangkok street whores," with a john's contemptuous description of Thai women in poverty as "dumb and desperate."65 Although pornography of Grace Quek being serially raped by 251 men was billed as liberation from a stereotype of Asian women as sexually passive; in fact, the pornography of Quek—who referred to herself as a "fortune cookie"66—was a familiar racist and sexist portrayal of slave-like, sexually subordinate Asian women." Quek seemed unclear about the film's racism when she was asked by an interviewer if she felt insulted or objectified. With a postmodern perspective that locates racism in the mind but not in the world, Quek responded, "No, I don't think so. . . .Without any stereotypes, everything wvould collapse into nothingness. That's why I have no problems with people who in friendly banter, out of humor, go 'Chink, nigger, faggot,' whatever."" 62. Id. al 168-69 (quoting a sex tourist in Thailand). 63. JEREMY SEABROOK. TRAVELS IN TIE SKIN TRADE TOURISM AND TIE. SEX INDUSTRY 89 (1996) (quoting Siripom Skrobanek). 64. See Melissa Farley. Unequal. mailable at http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ how_prostitution_works/Oallll.html (last visited. Apr. 20.2006) 65. World Sex Guide. Prostitution in United States, http://www.worldsexguide.org/united- states.hunl (last visited. Apr. 20. 2006). The site has changing advertising banners. On October 28. 2005. the World Sex Guide advertised "Bangkok street whores: Click to see these Asian whores get nailed by a big white dick!" with a link to Bangkok Street Whores. hup://www.bangkolcstreetwhores.comIlibangkokwhorel.html (last visited Apr. 25. 2006). The web location provided one john's voyeuristic and homocrotic description of a Thai woman who "tried to talk her way out of getting fucked but as soon as he shut her up by stuffing his cock in her mouth. the peace talks were over. Then he split her wide open! We all know that (another john) brings the pain. but damn she's bleeding!" See also Michelle J. Anderson. A License to Abuse: The Impart of Conditional Status on Female Immigrants. 102 YALE L.J. 1401. 1408-1409 nnA8 t9 (1993). 66. Kimberly Chun. Sex: The Annabel Chong Story. ASIANWEEK. May 4. 20(X). http://www.asianweek.com/2000_05_04/acannabelchong.html (quoting Grace Quck). 67. See Pamela Kaskinen, Pornstar or a Feminist?. YLIOPHLASLEtrfl. Apr.2000. at I ("At its core. the film is yet another attempt to capitalize on the racist. sexist and worn-out fantasy that Asian women are subordinate sex slaves.") (quoting Jill Nelson). 68. D.A. Clark. The Tao of the Gangbang. SPECTATOR July 12. 1996. at 13 (emphasis added). Another perspective on the racism in the filming of Quek's sexual abuse by 251 men was noted by Darrell 1'. Hamamoto. The Joy Fuck Club. 20 NEW. POL. SCI. 3 (1998). who observed that no Asian men were in the 300-men lineup to "gangbang" Quek. The only Asian American in attendance was a EFTA00726885 FARIEY W WALES 5/3/2006 I:46:05 AM 112 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism [Vol. 18:N Compared to their numbers in the United States as a whole, women of color are overrepresented in prostitution. For example, in Minneapolis, a city which is ninety-six percent white European-American, more than half of the women in strip-club prostitution are women of color." Racially constructed pornography made of prostituted women in other parts of the world influences how women of color are treated at home. For example, Asian-American women reported rapes after men viewed pornography of Asian women7° Families who have been subjected to race and class discrimination in housing may be economically driven to live near gangs or pimps. Snip clubs and pornography outlets are zoned into poor neighborhoods, which also tend to be neighborhoods of immigrants and/or people of color. The sex businesses create a hostile environment in which girls and women are continually harassed by pimps and johns!' Within the gendered institution of prostitution, race and class create a familiar hierarchy with indigenous women at its lowest point. Especially vulnerable to violence from wars or economic devastation, indigenous women are brutally exploited in prostitution—for example Mayan women in Mexico City, Hmong women in Minneapolis, Atayal girls in Taipei, Karen or Shan women in Bangkok, First Nations women in Vancouver.72 Structural development programs run by the International Monetary Fund control developing economies, profoundly impacting women's lives. Poverty is one consequence of these IMF policies, which may also result in women's migration to cities for the purpose of economic survival, including prostitution. There is a myth that class privilege protects some women in prostitution. Demystifying this, Giobbe explained what lies beneath the trappings of class in prostitution: My experience in prostitution gives the lie to. . . common beliefs about the hierarchy of prostitution, the streets being the worst-case scenario and . . .(escort] service being the best. . . . all I can say is, man whose job was to wipe ejaculate off Quck between johns. Id. 69. Telephone Interview with Andrea Dworkin (June 17. 1997). 70. See CATHARINE A. MACKINNON & ANDREA DWORKIN. IN HARM'S WAY: IllE PORNOGRAPHY CIVIL RIGHTS HEARINGS (1997). 71. Vednita Nelson. Prostitution: Where Racism and Sexism Intersect. 1 MICH. J. GENDER & L 81 (1993). 72. Because of their economic vulnerability and their lack of alternatives, prostitution more severely harms indigenous women. Melissa Farley. Preliminary Report on Prostitution in New Zealand (May 14. 2003) (unpublished manuscript. on file with author) (comparing Maori/Pacific Islander New Zealanders to European-origin New Zealanders in prostitution, with the former more likely to have been homeless and to have entered prostitution at a younger age. and quoting Mama Tem. an Auckland community activist who described New Zealand prostitution as an "apartheid system."): see also Libby W. Plumridge & Gillian Abel. A "Segmented" Sex Industry in New Zealand. 15 AUSTL. & N.Z. J. PUB. HEALTH 78. 78 (200I)(describing the differential impact prostitution has on Maori women in New Zealand). EFTA00726886 FARLEY W WALES 5/3/2006 1:46:05 A61 20061 Prostitution, Trafficking and Cultural Amnesia 113 whether you turn tricks in a car by the Holland tunnel or in the Plaza Hotel, you still have to take off your clothes, get on your knees or lie on your back, and let this stranger use you in any way he pleases.73 It is an error to assume that the privilege of so-called high-class call-girls protects them from the expoitation and violence that exists in all prostitution. In Chicago, for example, the same frequency of rape is reported by women in both escort and street prostitution74 Although some studies report greater violence in outdoor prostitution, the difference is trivial when contrasted with most peoples' assumptions of what constitutes reasonable physical and emotional risk.7s For instance, while women prostituting on the street in Glasgow were almost twice as likely to experience violence than women prostituting indoors, forty-eight percent of the women prostituting indoors were subject to frequent and severe violence.76 Among women prostituting in South Africa, while there was significantly more physical violence in street as compared to brothel prostitution, there was no difference in the women's emotional distress resulting from either street or brothel prostitution." It is also an error to assume that those in prostitution remain in one location. The location of prostitution is determined by wherever the greatest demand for it exists, by police surveillance and by arrests that deter prostitution. Women are moved to wherever pimps and traffickers can make the most money, for example near military bases,78 near political or business 73. The Var Fights. supra note 14. at 32. 74. JODY RAPHAEL & DEBORAH L SHAPIRO. SISTERS SPEAK Out THE LIVES AND NEEDS OE PROSTITUlED WOMEN IN CHICAGO 5 (2002). available at www.impactresearch.org/ documentsisistersspeakoulpdf. 75. Women in indoor prostitution (such as strip clubs, massage brothels and pornography) may have less control over the conditions of their lives and probably face greater risks of exploitation. enslavement. and physical harm than women prostituting on the street. See NORTHWEST RESOURCE ASSOCIATES. supra note 18. (1993). 76. Stephanie Church et al.. Violence by Clients Toward Female Prostitutes in DiJjerent Wm* Settings. 322 BRIT. MED. J. 524. 524-25 (2001) (noting that women prostituting in the street more frequently report being slapped. punched. or kicked—while those indoors more frequently report attempted rape). 77. Melissa Farley et al.. Prostitution in Five Countries, 8 FEMINISM & PSYCHOL 405.415 (1998). See also Colin A. Ross el al.. Dissociation and Abuse Among Multiple Personality• Patients. Prostitutes and Erotic Dancers. 41 HASP. @ COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY 328. 328-30 (1990) (noting that women who prostituted in strip clubs suffered significantly higher rates of dissociative and other psychiatric symptoms than women in street prostitution). 78. See Aida F. Santos. Gathering the Dust: The Bases Issue in the Philipines. 32. 40. in LET THE. GOOD TIMES ROLL: PROSTMJTION AND THE US MILITARY IN ASIA (Sandra Sturdevant @ Brenda Stolzfus eds.. 1992). During World War II. for example. the Japanese Army seized as many as 2(X).0(X) Asian women and girls using deception and violence, pimping them into military brothels. Most of these 'comfort women' were Korean. See C. Sarah Soh. Japan's Responsibility• Toward Comfort Women Survivors (Japan Policy Research Institute, Working Paper No. 77. 2001). available at http://www.icasinc.orgfiecturesfsoh3.html: Deborah 7abarenko. Er-Slaves Sue Japan for Army Rapes. Torture—Former Comfort Women Testify in U.S. TORONTO STAR. Sept. 21. 2000. at I (reporting on a class-action lawsuit filed by fifteen former comfort women in U.S. federal court): NORA OKJA KELLER. COMFORT WOMAN (1997) (a fictionalized account of one woman's life). EFTA00726887 FARLEY W ITALICS 3/3/2006 1:06:05 AM 114 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism (Vol. 18:N conventions,79 or to locations where sporting events take place. 80 3. In order to consid