EFTA00077606.pdf

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK x UNITED STATES OF AMERICA S120 Cr. 330 (AJN) GHISLAINE MAXWELL, Defendant. x THE GOVERNMENT'S OMNIBUS MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO THE DEFENDANT'S PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS AUDREY STRAUSS United States Attorney Southern District of New York Attorney for the United States of America Assistant United States Attorneys - Of Counsel - EFTA00077606  TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1 BACKGROUND 2 ARGUMENT 3 I. Jeffrey Epstein's Non-Prosecution Agreement Is Irrelevant to This Case 3 A. The NPA Does Not Bind the Southern District of New York 4 1. The Text of the Agreement Does Not Contain a Promise to Bind Other Districts 5 2. The Defendant Has Offered No Evidence That the NPA Binds Other Districts 9 B. The NPA Does Not Immunize Maxwell from Prosecution 15 1. The NPA Is Limited to Particular Crimes Between 2001 and 2007 15 2. The NPA Does Not Confer Enforceable Rights on Maxwell 17 C. The Defendant Has Offered No Basis for Additional Discovery or a Hearing 21 II. The Indictment Is Timely 23 A. Statutory Background 24 B. The 2003 Amendment to Section 3283 Applies Retroactively 26 1. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step One of Landgraf 28 2. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step Two of Landgraf 32 C. The Defendant's Crimes Involved the Sexual Abuse of Minors 36 III. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment Based on Alleged Improper Pre- Trial Delay Should Be Denied 41 A. The Defendant Has Failed to Demonstrate Actual and Substantial Prejudice 42 1. Applicable Law 42 2. Discussion 44 B. The Defendant Has Failed to Establish That the Government Delayed the Indictment for An Improper Purpose 52 1. Applicable Law 52 2. Discussion 54 IV. The Court Should Deny the Defendant's Motions to Suppress 59 A. Factual Background 61 1. The Civil Lawsuit against Maxwell 61 2. February 2016 Meeting 62 3. The April and July 2016 Depositions of Maxwell 64 4. The USAO-SDNY Commences the Instant Investigation in 2018 65 5. The USAO-SDNY's Subpoenas and Ex Pane Applications for Materials 66 6. Proceedings before Chief Judge McMahon 68 a. March 26, 2019 Hearing 68 b. April 9, 2019 Hearing 70 EFTA00077607  c. Chief Judge McMahon's Memorandum and Order 71 7. Magistrate Judge Netbum's Order 74 8. Unsealing of Maxwell's Depositions 74 9. The New York Daily News Article 75 B. The Defendant's Suppression Motion Should Be Denied 76 1. Martindell Provides No Basis to Grant the Relief the Defendant Seeks 76 a. Applicable Law 76 b. Discussion 79 2. Maxwell's Fourth Amendment Claim Fails 82 a. Maxwell Has Not Established Standing 82 i. Applicable Law 82 ii. Discussion 84 b. The Government Acted in Good Faith 86 i. Applicable Law 86 ii. Discussion 88 c. Suppression of Certain Materials Would Be Improper Under the Inevitable Discovery Doctrine 93 i. Applicable Law 93 ii. Discussion 94 3. The Defendant's Motion to Suppress Evidence Obtained Pursuant to the Subpoena Under the Fifth Amendment Is Without Merit 96 a. Applicable Law 96 i. The Fifth Amendment — Generally 96 ii. The Fifth Amendment — Act of Production Privilege 97 iii. The Fifth Amendment — When Private Action Is Deemed Government Action 98 b. Discussion 99 4. The Government Did Not Violate Maxwell's Due Process Rights 103 a. Applicable Law 104 b. Discussion 107 5. The Court Should Not Exercise Its Inherent Authority to Order Suppression 109 a. Applicable Law 109 b. Discussion 110 6. The Defendant Is Not Entitled to a Hearing 111 a. Applicable Law 112 b. Discussion 115 V. The Jury Should Decide Whether the Defendant Committed Perjury 116 A. Factual Background 117 B. Applicable Law 119 C. Discussion 122 1. April 2016 Deposition 123 2. July 2016 Deposition 129 3. Materiality 135 EFTA00077608 VI. Counts Five and Six Are Properly Joined and Should Not Be Severed 138 A. Applicable Law 138 B. Discussion 141 VII. The Indictment Contains the Elements of Each Offense and Provides the Defendant More Than Adequate Notice of the Charges Against Her 150 A. Applicable Law 150 B. Discussion 152 VIII. There Is No Basis to Strike Any Portion of the Indictment 157 A. Relevant Facts 158 B. Applicable Law 159 C. Discussion 161 IX. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count One or Count Three as Multiplicitous Is Premature 169 A. Relevant Facts 169 B. Applicable Law 170 C. Discussion 172 X. The Defendant's Various Disclosure Motions Should be Denied 174 A. Bill of Particulars Is Not Warranted 174 1. Applicable Law 174 2. Discussion 178 B. The Defendant's Requests for Early Production of a Witness List and Jencks Act Material Should Be Denied 182 1. Applicable Law 182 2. Discussion 184 C. The Defendant's Additional Requests for Disclosure Should Be Denied 185 XI. The Use of a Grand Jury Siting in White Plains Was Entirely Proper 193 A. Background 194 1. The SDNY and Local Rules for the Division of Business 194 2. The SDNY Jury Plan 195 B. Applicable Law 197 C. Discussion 198 1. The Defendant Was Properly Indicted by a Grand Jury Sitting in White Plains 198 2. The Defendant's Fair Cross-Section Claim Is Meritless 205 a. The Defendant Has Not Established that Blacks or Hispanics Are Unfairly Represented 205 b. Any Potential Underrepresentation Is Not Due to Systematic Exclusion 210 CONCLUSION 212 iii EFTA00077609  EXHIBIT LIST Exhibit 1: Notes from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York Exhibit 2: June 14, 2007 Email Exhibit 3: November 2020 Report, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility Exhibit 4: Notes from February 11, 2021 Call Exhibit 5: Notes from February 29, 2016 Meeting Exhibit 6: November 30, 2018 Email Exhibit 7: December 6, 2018 Email Exhibit 8: February 28, 2019 Government Letter to Judge Sweet Exhibit 9: February 28, 2019 Government Letter to Judge Netburn Exhibit 10: Transcript of April 22, 2016 Deposition Exhibit 11: Transcript of July 22, 2016 Deposition Exhibit 12: Affidavit of Dr. Bernard R. Siskin iv EFTA00077610  TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Page(s) Cases Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266 (1993) 152 Andover Data Servs., a Div. of Players Computer, Inc. v. Statistical Tabulating Corp., 876 F.2d 1080 (2d Cir. 1989) 106, 119, 149 Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 (1988) 76 Aronson v. K. Arakelian, Inc., 154 F.2d 231 (7th Cir. 1946) 19 Berghuis v. Smith, 559 U.S. 314 (2010) 299, 302 Blaszczak, 17 Cr. 357 (LAK) 275 Blissett v. Lefevre, 924 F.2d 434 (2d Cir. 1991) 158 Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991 (1982) 143 Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964 (11th Cir. 2005) 24 Botha v. Don King Productions, Inc., No. 97 Civ. 7587 (JGK), 1998 WL 88745 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 1998) 148 Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) 145 Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972) 110 Bridges v. United States, 346 U.S. 209 (1953) 53 Bronston v. United States, 409 U.S. 352 (1973) 181 Bryson v. United States, 396 U.S. 64 (1969) 147 Burgess v. United States, 552 U.S. 124 (2008) 51 Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S. 617 (1989) 159 Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 passim Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973) 159 Chemical Bank v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 154 F.R.D. 91 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) passim EFTA00077611 Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 567 U.S. 142 (2012) 51 Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986) 139, 141, 142 Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564 (1987) 138 County ofSacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998) 152 Cruz v. Maypa, 773 F.3d 138 (4th Cir. 2014) 43 Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229 (2011) 122 Doe 1 v. United States, 359 F. Supp. 3d 1201 (S.D. Fla. 2019) 14 Doe No. 1. v. United States, 749 F.3d 999 (11th Cir. 2014) 173, 174, 176 Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342 (1990) 76 Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 (1979) 289, 296 Edwards v. Mazzuca, No. 00 Civ. 2290 (US), 2007 WL 2994449 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2007) 234 Falter v. United States, 23 F.2d 420 (2d Cir. 1928) 45 Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976) 140, 146 Flagg v. Yonkers Say. & Loan Ass 'n, 396 F.3d 178 (2d Cir. 2005) 143 Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978) 166, 169, 170, 171 Gatto, 17 Cr. 686 (LAK) 275 Golino v. City ofNew Haven, 950 F.2d 864 (2d Cir. 1991) 125 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) 151 Grant v. United States, 282 F.2d 165 (2d Cir. 1960) 164 Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756 (1987) 158 Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. 391 (1957) 248 Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87 (1974) 225, 227 vi EFTA00077612 Hemphill v. United States, 392 F.2d 45 (8th Cir. 1968) 268 Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135 (2009) 123 Howell v. Superintendent Rockview SCI, 939 F.3d 260 (2d Cir. 2019) 302 Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681 (1988) 254 In re Enter. Mort. Acceptance Co. Sec. Litig. ("Enterprise", ), 391 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 2004) 36,43,44 In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Apr. 19, 1991, 945 F.2d 1221 (2d Cir. 1991) 108, 113 In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Oct 29, 1992, 1 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 1993) 140, 145 In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 826 F.2d 1166 (1987) 136 In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 836 F.2d 1468 (4th Cir. 1988) 149 In re Three Grand Jury Subpoenas Duces Tecum Dated Jan. 29, 1999, 191 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 1999) 139 In Re Three Grand Jury Subpoenas Jan. 5, 1988, 847 F.2d 1024 (2d Cir. 1988) 136 In re U.S., 834 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1987) 284 In re Various Grand Jury Subpoenas, 924 F. Supp. 2d 549 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), aff'd, 579 F. App'x 37 (2d Cir. 2014) 140 Int'l Equity !nvs., Inc. v. Opportunity Equity Partners Ltd., No. 05 Civ. 2745 (JGK) (RLE), 2010 WL 779314 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2010) 111 Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461 (1997) 200 Kungys v. United States, 485 U.S. 759 (1988) 222 Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244 (1994) 35,36, 41, 42 Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1 (2004) 56, 57 Madanes v. Madanes, 186 F.R.D. 279 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) 141 Martindell v. Intl Tel. and Tel. Corp., 594 F.2d 291 (2d Cir. 1979) passim Martinez v. McAleenan, 385 F. Supp. 3d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 150, 151 Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433 (1974) 137 vii EFTA00077613 Miller v. Pate, 386 U.S. 1 (1967) 157, 174, 175 Mills v. Scully, 826 F.2d 1192 (2d Cir. 1987) 158 Minnesota v. Mwphy, 465 U.S. 420 (1984) 144 Murray v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 583 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2009) 223 Nyhawan v. Holder, 557 U.S. 29 (2009) 56 Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984) 132, 133 North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969) 259 Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985) 139, 141 Palmieri v. State of N.Y., 779 F.2d 861 (2d Cir. 1985) 108, 112, 114 Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128 (1978) 115, 116, 118 Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135 (1994) 165 Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98 (1980) 116 Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200 (1987) 212 Rivera v. United States, 928 F.2d 592 (2d Cir. 1991) 168, 172 Rochin, 342 U.S., 72 S. Ct. 205 153 Rosencrans v. United States, 165 U.S. 257 (1897) 296 Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749 (1962) 229 Rutenberg v. United States, 245 U.S. 480 (1918) 292 Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52 (1997) 245 Santobello v. United States, No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1998 WL 113950 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 1998) 21 Sch. Dist. No. 7, 167 F.3d 784 (2d Cir. 1999) 61 SEC v. 71eStreetcom, 273 F.3d 222 (2d Cir. 2001) 109, 113 viii EFTA00077614 Silver, 15 Cr. 93 (VEC) 275 Skelos, 15 Cr. 317 (KMW) 275 Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979) 117, 118 Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003) 45 Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 (1965) 300 Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975) 299, 300 Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990) 56 Thom v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2004) 47 Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112 (1970) 48 United State v. Nader, 425 F. Supp. 3d 619 (E.D. Va. 2019) passim United States v. Ahmed, 992 F. Supp. 682 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 166 United States v. Ahmed, No. 10 Cr. 131 (PKC), 2011 WL 5041456 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2011) 243 United States v. Al Kassar, 660 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2011) 154 United States v. Alameh, 341 F.3d 167 (2d Cir. 2003) 77, 78, 81 United States v. Alberti, 568 F.2d 617 (2d Cir. 1977) 187 United States v. Aleman, 286 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2002) 27 United States v. Alfonso, 143 F.3d 772 (2d. Cir. 1998) 226 United States v. Amato, 15 F.3d 230 (2d Cir. 1994) 209 United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, 184 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 1999) 222 United States v. Anderson, 747 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. 2014) 212 United States v. Anderson, 772 F.3d 969 (2d Cir. 2014) 162 United States v. Annabi, 10 Cr. 07 (CM) 286 ix EFTA00077615 United States v. Annabi, 771 F.2d 670 (2d Cir. 1985) 5, 7, 8 United States v. Annabi, 771 F.2d 670 (2d Cir. 1985), aff'd, 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 1988) 5 United States v. Arid, 12 Cr. 24 (LAP) 286 United States v. Arzberger, 592 F. Supp. 2d 590 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) 151 United States v. Ash, 464 F. Supp. 3d 621 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) 145 United States v. Ashburn, 76 F. Supp. 3d 401 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) 126 United States v. Awadallah, 349 F.3d 42 (2d Cir. 2003) 166, 168 United States v. Bahna, 68 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 1995) passim United States v. Balde, 20 Cr. 281 (KPF) 298 United States v. Barlow, 732 F. Supp. 2d 1 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) 300 United States v. Barlow, 732 F. Supp. 2d 1 (E.D.N.Y. 2010), aff'd, 479 F. App'x 372 (2d Cir. 2012) 300, 302 United States v. Barnes, 520 F. Supp. 2d 510 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 300 United States v. Batchelder, 442 U.S. 114 (1979) 265 United States v. Bejasa, 904 F.2d 137 (2d Cir. 1990) 274 United States v. Bellomo, 263 F. Supp. 2d 561 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) 268 United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d 89 (2d Cir. 2001) 41 United States v. Benussi, 216 F. Supp. 2d 299 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) 248, 250 United States v. Biaggi, 675 F. Supp. 790 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) 268 United States v. Biaggi, 909 F.2d 662 (2d Cir. 1990) 298, 300 United States v. Bin Laden, 91 F. Supp. 2d 600 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) 240 United States v. Bfrney, 686 F.2d 102 (2d Cir. 1982) 61, 65 United States v. Buren, 470 F.2d 113 (2d Cir. 1972) 183 EFTA00077616 United States v. Blakney, 941 F.2d 114 (2d Cir. 1991) 205, 219 United States v. Blaszczak, 308 F. Supp. 3d 736 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 279 United States v. Block, No. 16 Cr. 595 (JPO), 2017 WL 1608905 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 2017) 267 United States v. Bonacorsa, 528 F.2d 1218 (2d Cir. 1976) 180, 190, 197, 199 United States v. Bonventre, 646 F App'x 73 (2d Cir. 2016) 271 United States v. Bortnovsky, 820 F.2d 572 (2d Cir. 1987) 266, 267, 274 United States v. Botti, No. 08 Cr. 230 (CSH), 2009 WL 3157582 (D. Conn. Sept. 25, 2009) 218 United States v. Brand, 467 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2006) 236 United States v. Brand, 556 F.2d 1312 (5th Cir. 1977) 75 United States v. Brand, No. 04 Cr. 194 (PKL), 2005 WL 77055 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2005) 257 United States v. Broccolo, 797 F. Supp. 1185 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 207, 214, 217 United States v. Brown, 744 F. Supp. 558 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) 170 United States v. Brown, 800 F. App'x 455 (9th Cir. 2020), cert denied, No. 20-5064, S.Ct. , 2021 WL 78235 (Jan. 11, 2021) 34, 39 United States v. Brown, No. 07-0296, 2008 WL 161146 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 16, 2008) 216 United States v. Brown, No. 99-1230, 2002 WL 34244994, at (2d Cir. Apr. 26, 2002) 6 United States v. Bruno, 159 F. Supp. 3d 311 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) 7 United States v. Bunn, 154 F. App'x 227 (2d Cir. 2005) 237 United States v. Burke, No. 09 Cr. 135 (SJ), 2011 WL 2609837 (E.D.N.Y. July I, 2011) 82 United States v. Butler, 351 F. Supp. 121 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 243 United States v. Butler, No. 04 Cr. 340, 2004 WL 2274751 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2004) 208, 211 United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338 (1974) 110 United States v. Caming, 968 F.2d 232 (2d Cir. 1992) 165 xi EFTA00077617 United States v. Campo Flores, No. 15 Cr. 765 (PAC), 2016 WL 5946472 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 12, 2016) 281, 282 United States v. Canfield, 212 F.3d 713 (2d Cir. 2000) 167 United States v. Canter, 338 F. Supp. 2d 460 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 283 United States v. Carbonaro, No. 02 Cr. 743 (RCC), 2004 WL 2222145 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2004) 83 United States v. Carpenter, 680 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2012) 50 United States v. Carson, 464 F.2d 424 (2d Cir. 1972) 217, 219 United States v. CFW Const. Co., 583 F. Supp. 197 (D. S.C. 1984) 23 United States v. Chacko, 169 F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 1999) 259 United States v. Chalmers, 474 F. Supp. 2d 555 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 225, 226 United States v. Chambers, 800 F. App'x 43 (2d Cir. 2020) 69 United States v. Chan Lo, No. 14 Cr. 491 (VSB), 2016 WL 9076234 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2016), aff'd. 679 F. App'x 79 (2d Cir. 2017) 183 United States v. Chen, 378 F.3d 151 (2d Cir. 2004) 271 United States v. Cheung Kin Ping, 555 F.2d 1069 (2d Cir. 1977) 68, 81 United States v. Chuang, 897 F.2d 646 (2d Cir. 1990) 115, 116 United States v. Coffey, 361 F. Supp. 2d 102 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) 228 United States v. Coke, No. 07 Cr. 971 (RPP), 2011 WL 3738969 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2011) 153, 160, 163 United States v. Collins, 409 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 278 United States v. Concepcion, 983 F.2d 369 (2d Cir. 1992) 252 United States v. Coppa, 267 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2001) 274 United States v. Corbett, 750 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2014) 137 United States v. Cornielle, 171 F.3d 748 (2d Cir. 1999) 60, 77, 78, 85 United States v. Corr, 543 F.2d 1042 (2d Cir. 1976) 181 xii EFTA00077618 United States v. Countentos, 651 F.3d 809 (8th Cir. 2011) 57, 58 United States v. Cromitie, 727 F.3d 194 (2d Cir. 2019) 154 United States v. Cromitie, et al., 09 Cr. 558 (CM) 286 United States v. Crouch, 84 F.3d 1497 (5th Cir. 1996) 75 United States v. D'Amico, 734 F. Supp. 2d 321 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 268 United States v. Davis, 702 F.2d 418 (2d Cir. 1983) passim United States v. DeFilippo, No. 17 Cr. 585 (WHP), 2018 WL 740727 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2018) 169 United States v. Delacruz, 970 F. Supp. 2d 199 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 77 United States v. DePalma, 461 F. Supp. 778 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) 241, 250 United States v. Dewar, 489 F. Supp. 2d 351 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 165 United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 1999) 251, 253 United States v. DiGregorio, 795 F. Supp. 630 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 155 United States v. Dodge, 597 F.3d 1347 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) 54 United States v. Dornau, 356 F. Supp. 1091 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) 73 United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174 (2d Cir. 2010) 236 United States v. Drago, No. 18 Cr. 0394 (SW) (AYS), 2019 WL 3072288 (E.D.N.Y. July 15, 2019) 86 United States v. Dumitru, No. 18 Cr. 243 (LAK), 2018 WL 3407703 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2018) 261 United States v. Eldred, 933 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2019) 123 United States v. E!-Sadig, 133 F. Supp. 2d 600 (N.D. Ohio 2001) 23 United States v. Elsbery, 602 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir. 1979) 62, 72 United States v. Estrada, 320 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2003) 259 United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116 (1966) 80 EFTA00077619 United States v. Falso, 544 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2008) 166, 169 United States v. Fanner, 137 F.3d 1265 (10th Cir. 1998) 179, 180 United States v. Feldman, 939 F.3d 182 (2d Cir. 2019) 8, 20, 27 United States v. Fennell, 496 F. Supp. 2d 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 284, 286 United States v. Figueroa, 618 F.2d 934 (2d Cir. 1980) 255 United States v. Fiumano, No. 14 Cr. 518 (JFK), 2016 WL 1629356 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 25, 2016) 70 United States v. Florence, 456 F.2d 46 (4th Cir. 1972) 293 United States v. Florida West Int'l Airways, Inc., 853 F. Supp. 2d 1209 (S.D. Fla. 2012) 23, 24 United States v. Forde, 740 F. Supp. 2d 406 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) passim United States v. Gallo, No. 98 Cr. (JGK), 1999 WL 9848 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. II, 1999) 275, 281 United States v. Gambino, 838 F. Supp. 744 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 70 United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506 (1995) 182, 184, 200, 222 United States v. Geaney, 417 F.2d 1116 (2d Cir. 1969) 284 United States v. Gentile, 235 F. Supp. 3d 649 (D.N.J. 2017) 48 United States v. Ghailani, 751 F. Supp. 2d 502 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 155 United States v. Ghavami, No. 10 Cr. 1217 (KMW), 2012 WL 2878126 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2012) 262 United States v. Gibson, 175 F. Supp. 2d 532 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 268 United States v. Gilbert, 266 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 2001) 62 United States v. Gillette, 383 F.2d 843 (2d Cir. 1967) 165 United States v. Gonzalez, No. 00 Cr. 447, 2000 WL 1721171 85 United States v. Gottfried, 165 F.2d 360 (2d Cir. 1948) 292 United States v. Gracesqui, No. 10 Cr. 74 (PKC), 2015 WL 5231168 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2015), aff'd, 730 F. App'x 25 (2d Cir. 2018) 209 xiv EFTA00077620 United States v. Green, 981 F.3d 945 (11th Cir. 2020) 124 United States v. Greer, 956 F. Supp. 525 (D. Vt. 1997) 72 United States v. GrWith, No. 99 Cr. (HB), 2000 WL 1253265 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2000) 264 United States v. Guerrier, 18 Cr. 284 (JSR) 286 United States v. Guzman, 337 F. Supp. 140 (S.D.N.Y. 1972) 300 United States v. Halkbank, No. 15 Cr. 867 (RMB), 2020 WL 5849512 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. I, 2020) 261 United States v. Hallahan, 756 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2014) 19 United States v. Halper, 590 F.2d 422 (2d Cir. 1978) 216 United States v. Haqq, 278 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 2002) 115 United States v. Harrison, 764 F. Supp. 29 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) 72 United States v. Hastings, 461 U.S. 499 (1983) 160 United States v. Heath, 455 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 2006) 132, 133 United States v. Henderson, 337 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 2003) 61, 62 United States v. Henry, 861 F. Supp. 1190 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) 269 United States v. Herbert, 698 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1983) 293 United States v. Hernandez, 85 F.3d 1023 (2d Cir. 1996) 242 United States v. Hester, No. 19 Cr. 324 (NSR), 2020 WL 3483702 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2020) 211 United States v. Heyward, No. 10 Cr. 84 (LTS), 2010 WL 4484642 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2010) 154 United States v. Hillegas, 578 F.2d 453 (2d Cir. 1978) 79 United States v. Hoo, 825 F.2d 667 (2d Cir. 1987) 78 United States v. Hsia, 24 F. Supp. 2d 14 (D.D.C. 1998) 249 United States v. lannelli, 461 F.2d 483 (2d Cir. 1972) 64 xv EFTA00077621 United States v. Israel, 05 Cr. 1039 (CM) 286 United States v. Jackman, 46 F.3d 1240 (2d Cir. 1995) 300, 301 United States v. Jeffries, 405 F.3d 682 (8th Cir. 2005) 33, 37, 38, 46 United States v. Jenkins, 727 F. App'x 732 (2d Cir. 2018) 194 United States v. Jennings, 960 F.2d 1488 (9th Cir. 1992) 162 United States v. Jimenez, 824 F. Supp. 351 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 240, 268 United States v. Johns, 15 F.3d 740 (8th Cir. 1994) 37 United States v. Johnson, 21 F. Supp. 2d 329 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 294 United States v. Jones, 482 F.3d 60 (2d Cir. 2006) 259 United States v. Josephberg, 459 F.3d 350 (2d Cir. 2006) passim United States v. Kaplan, 758 F. App'x 34 (2d Cir. 2018) 182 United States v. Kenny, 883 F. Supp. 869 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) 294 United States v. Kidd, 386 F. Supp.3d 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 231, 232 United States v. King, 560 F.2d 122 (2d Cir. 1977) 64 United States v. Kozel, No. 19 Cr. 460 (KMW), 2020 WL 4751498 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2020) 236 United States v. Kross, 14 F.3d 751 (2d Cir. 1994) 183, 221, 222 United States v. LaFlam, 369 F.3d 153 (2d Cir. 2004) 254 United States v. Lahey, 967 F. Supp. 2d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 168 United States v. Lambus, 897 F.3d 368 (2d Cir. 2018) passim United States v. Laskow, 688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) 8 United States v. Laskow, 688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) (tbl.) 5 United States v. Laurenti, 581 F.2d 37 (2d Cir. 1978) 79 xvi EFTA00077622 United States v. Lawson, 683 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1982) 60, 78 United States v. Leo Sure Chief 438 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 2006) 33, 38, 46 United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) 124, 125 United States v. Leonelli, 428 F. Supp. 880 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) 268 United States v. Levy, No. II Cr. 62 (PAC), 2013 WL 664712 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2013) 267 United States v. Lighte, 782 F.2d 367 (2d Cir. 1986) passim United States v. Loera, 333 F. Supp. 3d 172 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) 152 United States v. Long, 697 F. Supp. 651 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 65 United States v. Lopez, 944 F.2d 33 (1st Cir. 1991) 21, 26 United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783 (1977) 76, 79, 80, 82 United States v. Mahabub, No. 13 Cr. 908 (MN), 2014 WL 4243657 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2014) 266, 268, 269 United States v. Mandell, 710 F. Supp. 2d 368 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 267 United States v. Marcus, 628 F.3d 36 (2d Cir. 2010) 248 United States v. Mariamma Vijua, No. 15 Cr. 240, 2016 WL 107841 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 11, 2016) 22 United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307 (1971) 59, 63, 72 United States v. Markiewicz, 978 F.2d 786 (2d Cir. 1992) 178, 180, 187, 198 United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d 68 (2d Cir. 2005) 167 United States v. Martinez, No. 92 Cr. (SWK), 1993 WL 322768 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 1993) 216 United States v. Martinez, No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1995 WL 10849 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 1995) 77 United States v. Mason, 479 F. App'x 397 (2d Cir. 2012) 248 United States v. Mast, 735 F.2d 745 (2d Cir. 1984) 144 United States v. McCourty, 562 F.3d 458 (2d Cir. 2009) 260 xvii EFTA00077623 United States v. McDarrah, 351 F. App'x 558 (2d Cir. 2009) 257 United States v. Medina, No. 13 Cr. 272 (PGG), 2014 WL 3057917 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2014) 261 United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641 (2d Cir. 1997) 252, 292 United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976) 116, 117, 119 United States v. Miller, 911 F.3d 638 (1st Cir. 2018) 44 United States v. Ming He, 94 F.3d 782 (2d Cir. 1996) 161 United States v. Mitan, No. 08-760, 2009 WL 2328870 (E.D. Pa. July 28, 2009) 218 United States v. Mitchell, 966 F.2d 92 (2d Cir. 1992) 144 United States v. Mitlof, 165 F. Supp. 2d 558 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 268 United States v. Monserrate, No. 10 Cr. 965 (CM), 2011 WL 3480957 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2011) 267 United States v. Montoya-Eschevarria, 892 F. Supp. 104 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) 118 United States v. Moore, 968 F.2d 216 (2d Cir. 1992) 125 United States v. Morgan, 113 F.3d 1230, 1997 WL 268712 (2d Cir. 1997) (unpublished opinion) 45 United States v. Mostafa, 965 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 242, 243, 247, 262 United States v. Mulder, 273 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 2001) 241, 242 United States v. Mullens, 536 F.2d 997 (2d Cir. 1976) 139 United States v. Murgio, 209 F. Supp. 3d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) 231, 241, 247 United States v. Muric, No. 10 Cr. 112 (LTS), 2010 WL 2891178 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2010) 86 United States v. Myers, 692 F.2d 823 (2d Cir. 1982) 153, 161 United States v. Napolitano, 552 F. Supp. 465 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) 241 United States v. Nejad, No. 18 Cr. 224 (MN), 2019 WL 6702361 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2019) 225 United States v. Nemesian, 824 F.2d 1294 (2d Cir. 1987) 233 xviii EFTA00077624 United States v. Nitsche, 843 F. Supp. 2d 4 (D.D.C. 2011) 201, 202 United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974) 282 United States v. Noble, No. 07 Cr. 284 (RJS), 2008 WL 140966 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2008) 164 United States v. Okwumabua, 828 F.2d 950 (2d Cir. 1987) 138 United States v. Olivieri, 740 F. Supp. 2d 423 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 146 United States v. Oshatz, 700 F. Supp. 696 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 147, 148 United States v. Page, 657 F.3d 126 (2d Cir. 2011) 205, 209, 210, 220 United States v. Pascarella, 84 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 1996) 252 United States v. Paulin, 445 F.3