EFTA00095067.pdf

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK x UNITED STATES OF AMERICA S120 Cr. 330 (AJN) GHISLAINE MAXWELL, Defendant. x THE GOVERNMENT'S OMNIBUS MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO THE DEFENDANT'S PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS AUDREY STRAUSS United States Attorney Southern District of New York Attorney for the United States of America Assistant United States Attorneys - Of Counsel - EFTA00095067  TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1 BACKGROUND 2 ARGUMENT 3 I. Jeffrey Epstein's Non-Prosecution Agreement Is Irrelevant to This Case 3 A. The NPA Does Not Bind the Southern District of New York 4 1. The Text of the Agreement Does Not Contain a Promise to Bind Other Districts 5 2. The Defendant Has Offered No Evidence That the NPA Binds Other Districts 9 B. The NPA Does Not Immunize Maxwell from Prosecution 15 1. The NPA Is Limited to Particular Crimes Between 2001 and 2007 15 2. The NPA Does Not Confer Enforceable Rights On Maxwell 17 C. The Defendant Has Offered No Basis for Additional Discovery or a Hearing 21 II. The Indictment Is Timely 23 A. Statutory Background 24 B. The 2003 Amendment to Section 3283 Applies Retroactively 26 1. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step One of Landgraf 27 2. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step Two of Landgraf 32 C. The Defendant's Crimes Involved the Sexual Abuse of Minors 36 III. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment Based on Alleged Improper Pre- Trial Delay Should Be Denied 41 A. The Defendant Has Failed to Demonstrate Actual and Substantial Prejudice 42 1. Applicable Law 42 2. Discussion 44 B. The Defendant Has Failed to Establish That the Government Delayed The Indictment For An Improper Purpose 52 1. Applicable Law 52 2. Discussion 53 IV. The Court Should Deny the Defendant's Motions To Suppress 59 A. Factual Background 60 1. The Civil Lawsuit against Maxwell 61 2. February 2016 Meeting 62 3. The April and July 2016 Depositions of Maxwell 64 4. The USAO-SDNY Commences the Instant Investigation in 2018 65 5. The USAO-SDNY's Sub.. nas and Ex Pane Applications for Materials 66 6. Proceedin s before I II 68 a. M 68 b. April ', 70 EFTA00095068  c. Chief Judge McMahon's Memorandum and Order 71 7. &OAS% 74 8. Unsealing of Maxwell's Depositions 74 9. The New York Daily News Article 75 B. The Defendant's Suppression Motion Should Be Denied 76 1. Martindell Provides No Basis to Grant the Relief the Defendant Seeks 76 a. Applicable Law 76 b. Discussion 79 2. Maxwell's Fourth Amendment Claim Fails 81 a. Maxwell Has Not Established Standing 82 i. Applicable Law 82 ii. Discussion 84 b. The Government Acted in Good Faith 86 i. Applicable Law 86 ii. Discussion 88 c. Suppression of Certain Materials Would Be Improper Under the Inevitable Discovery Doctrine 93 i. Applicable Law 93 ii. Discussion 94 3.The Defendant's Motion to Suppress Evidence Obtained Pursuant to the Subpoena Under the Fifth Amendment Is Without Merit 96 a. Applicable Law 96 i. The Fifth Amendment — Generally 96 ii. The Fifth Amendment — Act of Production Privilege 97 iii. The Fifth Amendment — When Private Action Is Deemed Government Action 98 b. Discussion 99 4. The Government Did Not Violate Maxwell's Due Process Rights 103 a. Applicable Law 103 b. Discussion 106 5. The Court Should Not Exercise Its Inherent Authority to Order Suppression 109 a. Applicable Law 109 b. Discussion 110 6. The Defendant Is Not Entitled to a Hearing 111 a. Applicable Law 112 b. Discussion 115 V. The Jury Should Decide Whether the Defendant Committed Perjury 116 A. Factual Background 117 B. Applicable Law 119 C. Discussion 122 1. April 2016 Deposition 123 2. July 2016 Deposition 129 3. Materiality 135 EFTA00095069 VI. Counts Five and Six Are Properly Joined and Should Not Be Severed 137 A. Applicable Law 138 B. Discussion 140 VII. The Indictment Contains the Elements of Each Offense and Provides the Defendant More Than Adequate Notice of the Charges Against Her 149 A. Applicable Law 150 B. Discussion 152 VIII. There Is No Basis to Strike Any Portion of the Indictment 157 A. Relevant Facts 157 B. Applicable Law 159 C. Discussion 160 IX. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count One or Count Three as Multiplicitous Is Premature 169 A. Relevant Facts 169 B. Applicable Law 169 C. Discussion 171 X. The Defendant's Various Disclosure Motions Should be Denied 173 A. Bill of Particulars Is Not Warranted 173 1. Applicable Law 174 2. Discussion 177 A. The Defendant's Requests for Early Production of a Witness List and Jencks Act Material Should Be Denied 182 1. Applicable Law 182 2. Discussion 183 A. The Defendant's Additional Requests for Disclosure Should Be Denied 184 XI. The Use of a Grand Jury Siting in White Plains Was Entirely Proper 192 A. Background 193 1. The SDNY and Local Rules for the Division of Business 193 2. The SDNY Jury Plan 194 B. Applicable Law 197 C. Discussion 197 1. The Defendant Was Properly Indicted by a Grand Jury Sitting in White Plains 198 2. The Defendant's Fair Cross-Section Claim Is Meritless 204 a. The Defendant Has Not Established that Blacks or Hispanics Are Unfairly Represented 204 b. Any Potential Underrepresentation Is Not Due to Systematic Exclusion 209 CONCLUSION 211 iii EFTA00095070  TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Page(s) Cases 46 F.3d 1240 (2d Cir. 1995) 208 286 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2002) 22 348 F. App'x 636 (2d Cir. 2009) 139 439 U.S. 357 (1979) 197, 204 479 F. App'x 372 (2d Cir. 2012) 207, 210 511 U.S. 32 579 F. App'x 37 (2d Cir. 2014) 98 679 F. App'x 79 (2d Cir. 2017) 122 730 F. App'x 25 (2d Cir. 2018) 140 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 2d Cir. 1988) 7 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 1988) 4 2014 WL 2696569 (S.D.N.Y. June 10, 2014) 88 2014 WL 5090039 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 10, 2014) 83 2016 WL 107841 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 11, 2016) 18, 19 2016 WL 1055737 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2016) 179 2019 WL 3072288 (E.D.N.Y. July 15, 2019) 59 2020 WL 3483702 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2020) 141 2021 WL 78235 (January 11, 2021) 26, 29 Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266 (1993) 104 Andover Data Servs., a Div. of Players Computer, Inc. v. Statistical Tabulating Corp., 876 F.2d 1080 (2d Cir. 1989) 76, 84, 103 Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 (1988) 52 Aronson v. K. Arakelian, Inc., 154 F.2d 231 (7th Cir. 1946) 17 Berghuis v. Smith, 559 U.S. 314 (2010) 207, 210 Blissett v. Lefevre, 924 F.2d 434 (2d Cir. 1991) 108 Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991 (1982) 99 Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964 (11th Cir. 2005) 20 Botha v. Don King Productions, Inc., No. 97 Civ. 7587 (JGK), 1998 WL 88745 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 1998) 102 Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) 101 iv EFTA00095071 Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972) 78 Bridges v. United States, 346 U.S. 209 (1953) 38 Bronston v. United States, 409 U.S. 352 (1973) 121 Bryson v. United States, 396 U.S. 64 (1969) 101 Burgess v. United States, 552 U.S. 124 (2008) 37 Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S. 617 (1989) 108 Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 82, 83, 84, 85 Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973) 109 Chemical Bank v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 154 F.R.D. 91 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) passim Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 567 U.S. 142 (2012) 37 Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986) 97, 98, 99 Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564 (1987) 97 County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998) 104 Cruz v. Maypa, 773 F.3d 138 (4th Cir. 2014) 32, 33 Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229 (2011) 86 Doe No. 1. v. United States, 749 F.3d 999 (11th Cir. 2014) 117, 118, 119 Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342 (1990) 52 Edwards v. Mazzuca, No 00 Civ. 2290 (RIS), 2007 WL 2994449 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2007) 155 Falter v. United States, 23 F.2d 420 (2d Cir. 1928) 34 Falter, 23 F.3d 34 Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976) 98, 101 Flagg v. Yonkers Say. & Loan Ass 'n, 396 F.3d 178 (2d Cir. 2005) 99 EFTA00095072 Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978) 113, 114, 115 Golino v. City of New Haven, 950 F.2d 864 (2d Cir. 1991) 88 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) 104 Grant v. United States, 282 F.2d 165 (2d Cir. 1960) 112 Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756 (1987) 108 Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. 391 (1957) 163 Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87 (1974) 150, 151 Hemphill v. United States, 392 F.2d 45 (8th Cir. 1968) 176 Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135 (2009) 87 Howell v. Superintendent Rockview SCI, 939 F.3d 260 (2d Cir. 2019) 210 Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681 (1988) 166 In re Enter. Mort. Acceptance Co. Sec. Litig. ("Enterprise"), 391 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 2004) 27, 28, 33 In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Apr. 19, 1991, 945 F.2d 1221 (2d Cir. 1991) 77, 81 In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Oct 29, 1992, 1 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 1993) 98, 101 In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 826 F.2d 1166 (1987) 96 In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 836 F.2d 1468 (4th Cir. 1988) 103 In re Three Grand Jug Subpoenas Duces Tecum Dated Jan. 29, 1999, 191 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 1999) 98 In Re Three Grand Jury Subpoenas Jan. 5, 1988, 847 F.2d 1024 (2d Cir. 1988) 96 In re U.S., 834 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1987) 191 In re Various Grand Jury Subpoenas, 924 F. Supp. 2d 549 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 98 Int'l Equity Invs., Inc. v. Opportunity Equity Partners Ltd., No. 05 Civ. 2745 (JGK) (RLE), 2010 WL 779314 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2010) 79 Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461 (1997) 135 vi EFTA00095073 Kungys v. United States, 485 U.S. 759 (1988) 148 Landgraf v. US! Film Products, 511 U.S. 244 (1994) 27 Landgraf, 511 U.S 27, 30, 32 Leocal v. 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Marsh, 481 U.S. 200 (1987) 142 Rivera v. United States, 928 F.2d 592 (2d Cir. 1991) 114, 116 Rochin, 342 U.S., 72 S. Ct. 205 105 Rosencrans v. United States, 165 U.S. 257 (1897) 203 Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749 (1962) 151 Rutenberg v. United States, 245 U.S. 480 (1918) 200 Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52 (1997) 161 Santobello v. United States, No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1998 WL 113950 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 1998) 18 Sch. Dist. No. 7, 167 F.3d 784 (2d Cir. 1999) 43 SEC v. TheStreet.com, 273 F.3d 222 (2d Cir. 2001) 78, 81 Smith v. Maiyland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979) 83, 84 Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003) 34 Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 (1965) 208 Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975) 206, 208 Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990) 40 Thom v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2004) 35 Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112 (1970) 35 United State v. Nader, 425 F. Supp. 3d 619 (E.D. Va. 2019) passim United States v. Alzmad, 992 F. 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(HB), 2000 WL 1253265 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2000) 172 United States v. Guzman, 337 F. Supp. 140 (S.D.N.Y. 1972) 208 United States v. Halkbank, 15 Cr. 867 (RMB), 2020 WL 5849512 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 1, 2020) 170 United States v. Hallahan, 756 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2014) 16 United States v. Halper, 590 F.2d 422 (2d Cir. 1978) 144 United States v. Haqq, 278 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 2002) 82 United States v. Harrison, 764 F. Supp. 29 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) 50 United States v. Hastings, 461 U.S. 499 (1983) 109 United States v. Heath, 455 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 2006) 93, 94 United States v. Henderson, 337 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 2003) 43 United States v. Henry, 861 F. Supp. 1190 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) 177 United States v. Herbert, 698 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1983) 200 United States v. Hernandez, 85 F.3d 1023 (2d Cir. 1996) 159 United States v. Heyward, No. 10 Cr. 84 (LTS), 2010 WL 4484642 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2010) 106 United States v. Hillegas, 578 F.2d 453 (2d Cir. 1978) 53 United States v. Hoo, 825 F.2d 667 (2d Cir. 1987) 53 United States v. Hsia, 24 F. Supp. 2d 14 (D.D.C. 1998) 163, 164 United States v. lannelli, 461 F.2d 483 (2d Cir. 1972) 44 United States v. Jqffries, 405 F.3d 682 (8th Cir. 2005) 26, 28, 29, 34 United States v. Jenkins, 727 F. App'x 732 (2d Cir. 2018) 130 xiv EFTA00095081 United States v. Jennings, 960 F.2d 1488 (9th Cir. 1992) 110 United States v. Jimenez, 824 F. Supp. 351 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 159, 176 United States v. Johns, 15 F.3d 740 (8th Cir. 1994) 28 United States v. Johnson, 21 F. Supp. 2d 329 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 202 United States v. Jones, 482 F.3d 60 (2d Cir. 2006) 169 United States v. Josephberg, 459 F.3d 350 (2d Cir. 2006) 169, 170, 172, 173 United States v. Kaplan, 758 F. App'x 34 (2d Cir. 2018) 121 United States v. Kenny, 883 F. Supp. 869 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) 202 United States v. Kidd, 386 F. Supp.3d 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 153 United States v. King, 560 F.2d 122 (2d Cir. 1977) 44 United States v. Kozel, 19 Cr. 460 (KMW), 2020 WL 4751498 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2020) 155 United States v. Kross, 14 F.3d 751 (2d Cir. 1994) 122, 148 United States v. LaFlam, 369 F.3d 153 (2d Cir. 2004) 166 United States v. Lahey, 967 F. Supp. 2d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 114 United States v. Lambus, 897 F.3d 368 (2d Cir. 2018) 110, Ill, 113, 114 United States v. Laskow, 688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) 4, 6 United States v. Laurenti, 581 F.2d 37 (2d Cir. 1978) 53 United States v. Lawson, 683 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1982) 42, 53 United States v. Leo Sure Chief 438 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 2006) 26, 29, 34 United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) 87, 88 United States v. Leonelli, 428 F. Supp. 880 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) 176 United States v. Levy, 11 Cr. 62 (PAC), 2013 WL 664712 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2013) 175 xv EFTA00095082 United States v. Lighte, 782 F.2d 367 (2d Cir. 1986) passim United States v. Loera, 333 F.Supp.3d 172 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) 105 United States v. Long, 697 F. Supp. 651 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 45 United States v. Lopez, 944 F.2d 33 (1st Cir. 1991) 18, 21 United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783 (1977) 52, 53, 54, 55 United States v. Mahabub, 13 Cr. 908 (AJN), 2014 WL 4243657 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2014) 174, 176, 177 United States v. Mandell, 710 F. Supp. 2d 368 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 175 United States v. Marcus, 628 F.3d 36 (2d Cir. 2010) 163 United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307 (1971) 42, 44, 49 United States v. Markiewicz, 978 F.2d 786 (2d Cir. 1992) 120, 121, 125, 134 United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d 68 (2d Cir. 2005) 113 United States v. Martinez, No. 92 Cr. (SWK), 1993 WL 322768 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 1993) 144 United States v. Martinez, No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1995 WL 10849 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 1995) 53 United States v. Mason, 479 F. App'x 397 (2d Cir. 2012) 163 United States v. Mast, 735 F.2d 745 (2d Cir. 1984) 100 United States v. McCourty, 562 F.3d 458 (2d Cir. 2009) 170 United States v. McDarrah, 351 F. App'x 558 (2d Cir. 2009) 168 United States v. Medina, 13 Cr. 272 (PGG), 2014 WL 3057917 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2014) 170 United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641 (2d Cir. 1997) 165, 200 United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976) 83, 84 United States v. Miller, 911 F.3d 638 (1st Cir. 2018) 33 United States v. Ming He, 94 F.3d 782 (2d Cir. 1996) 110 xvi EFTA00095083 United States v. Mitan, No. 08-760, 2009 WL 2328870 (E.D. Pa. July 28, 2009) 145 United States v. Mitchell, 966 F.2d 92 (2d Cir. 1992) 100 United States v. Mitlof, 165 F. Supp. 2d 558 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 176 United States v. Monserrate, 10 Cr. 965 (CM), 2011 WL 3480957 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2011) 175 United States v. Montoya-Eschevarria, 892 F. Supp. 104 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) 83 United States v. Moore, 968 F.2d 216 (2d Cir. 1992) 88 United States v. Morgan, 113 F.3d 1230 (2d Cir. 1997) 34 United States v. Mostafa, 965 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 159, 160, 163, 171 United States v. Mulder, 273 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 2001) 159 United States v. Mullens, 536 F.2d 997 (2d Cir. 1976) 97 United States v. Murgio, 209 F. Supp. 3d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) 152, 159, 162 United States v. Muric, No. 10 Cr. 112 (LTS), 2010 WL 2891178 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2010) 59 United States v. Myers, 692 F.2d 823 (2d Cir. 1982) 105, 110 United States v. Napolitano, 552 F. Supp. 465 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) 159 United States v. Nejad, 18 Cr. 224 (AJN), 2019 WL 6702361 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2019) 150 United States v. Nemesian, 824 F.2d 1294 (2d Cir. 1987) 154 United States v. Nitsche, 843 F. Supp. 2d 4 (D.D.C. 2011) 136 United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974) 190 United States v. Noble, No. 07 Cr. 284 (RJS), 2008 WL 140966 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2008) 112 United States v. Okwumabua, 828 F.2d 950 (2d Cir. 1987) 97 United States v. Olivieri, 740 F. Supp. 2d 423 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 101 United States v. Oshatz, 700 F. Supp. 696 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 102 xvii EFTA00095084 United States v. Page, 657 F.3d 126 (2d Cir. 2011) 138, 140, 147 United States v. Pascarella, 84 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 1996) 165 United States v. Paulin, 445 F.3d 211 (2d Cir. 2006) 165 United States v. Payner, 447 U.S. 727 (1980) 82, 110 United States v. Pena, 932 F. Supp. 2d 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 147 United States v. Perez, 940 F. Supp. 540 (S.D.N.Y.I996) 189 United States v. Pierre-Louis, No. 16 Cr. 541 (CM), 2018 WL 4043140 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2018) passim United States v. Pipola, 83 F.3d 556 (2d Cir. 1996) 166 United States v. Pino, 212 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2000) 151 United States v. Pizarro, No. 17 Cr. 151 (MN), 2018 WL 1737236 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 2018) passim United States v. Plaza-Andrades, 507 F. App'x 22 (2d Cir. 2013) 199 United States v. Polos, 723 F. App'x 64 (2d Cir. 2018) 131 United States v. Potamitis, 739 F.2d 784 (2d Cir. 1984) passim United States v. Prisco, 391 F. App'x 920 (2d Cir. 2010) 4 United States v. Quinones, 511 F.3d 289 (2d Cir. 2007) 165 United States v. Rahimi, 16 Cr. 760 (RMB), 2017 WL 2984169 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2017) 150 United States v. Ralunan, 189 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 1999) 105 United States v. Rajaratnam, No. 09 Cr. 1184 (RJH), 2010 WL 4867402 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 24, 2010) 116 United States v. Ramnath, 131 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 1997) 208 United States v. Raymonda, 780 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 2015) 87 United States v. Remington, 208 F.2d 567 (2d Cir. 1953) 101 United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. 102 (2007) 150, 155 xviii EFTA00095085 United States v. Ricco, 549 F.2d 264 (2d Cir. 1977) 42 United States v. Richardson, 512 F.2d 105 (3d Cir. 1975) 36 United States v. Richardson, 537 F.3d 951 (8th Cir. 2008) 200 United States v. Rioux, 930 F. Supp. 1558 (D. Conn. 1995) 205, 206 United States v. Rioux, 97 F.3d 648 (2d Cir. 1996) passim United States v. Rittweger, 259 F. Supp. 2d 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) 176 United States v. Rivera, 09 Cr. 619 (SJF), 2011 WL 1429125, at (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2011) 171 United States v. Rivera, 16 Cr. 175 (LGS), 2017 WL 1843302 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2017) 182 United States v. Rivera, 546 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2008) 138, 147, 149 United States v. Rob