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[00:00:04] On this week's lectures in history [00:00:05] podcast, University of Louisville [00:00:07] history professor Matthew Goldberg [00:00:10] chronicles the brief but consequential [00:00:11] war that marked the United States [00:00:13] emergence as a global power. Fought in [00:00:15] 1898, the conflict began after tensions [00:00:18] between the US and Spain escalated over [00:00:20] Cuba's struggle for independence. The [00:00:22] explosion of the USS Maine and Havana [00:00:24] Harbor fueled public outrage and within [00:00:26] months the United States declared war. [00:00:29] Though the fighting lasted only a few [00:00:30] months, it spanned multiple theaters [00:00:32] from Cuba and Puerto Rico to Guam and [00:00:34] the Philippines. The war ended with [00:00:36] Spain seating control of key [00:00:37] territories, reshaping the global [00:00:39] balance of power and launching a new era [00:00:41] of American overseas expansion. On this [00:00:44] episode of Lectures in history, [00:00:46] Professor Goldberg examines the [00:00:48] political climate, military campaigns, [00:00:50] and lasting consequences of a war that [00:00:52] transformed the United States's role on [00:00:54] the world stage. [00:00:58] So, welcome to the University of [00:00:59] Louisville. Welcome to history 328, uh, [00:01:02] American and US military history, part [00:01:05] two. Uh, it's good to see you all in [00:01:07] class today from the cow auditorium. [00:01:09] We'll go ahead and get into our regular [00:01:11] lecture. We're going to be talking about [00:01:12] the SpanishAmerican War today, as I know [00:01:14] you all were very excited for last week. [00:01:16] So, what we're going to do today so we [00:01:18] can start the SpanishAmerican War is [00:01:20] kind of get into the topics that we [00:01:21] discussed last week, go over the the big [00:01:24] big words, the big phrases, big theories [00:01:26] that we had gotten into and really [00:01:28] gotten our hands on and then look at [00:01:29] them as they relate to the [00:01:31] SpanishAmerican War as we'll go through [00:01:33] that today. So, if you can remember uh [00:01:35] from last week's lectures, what were [00:01:37] some of the big topics that we talked [00:01:38] about? What were some of the big themes [00:01:40] we examined? We [00:01:40] >> talked about the competition of nations. [00:01:42] >> The competition of nations. That's [00:01:43] great. So, let's start there. The [00:01:46] competition [00:01:47] of nations that is the great competition [00:01:51] primarily between what n what part of [00:01:53] the world? What what nations are we [00:01:54] talking about in [00:01:55] >> Europe? The great European competitions [00:01:57] that is therefore [00:01:59] also part and parcel of what big ism [00:02:02] that is taking over the world slowly but [00:02:04] surely? [00:02:04] >> Imperialism and [00:02:06] >> very good imperialism and colonialism. [00:02:11] We talked about imperialism and [00:02:12] colonialism as kind of two phrases that [00:02:15] go hand inand but are not the exact [00:02:17] same. Very good. What else have we [00:02:18] talked about right recently? [00:02:20] >> Emergence. [00:02:20] >> Emergence. We talked about the process [00:02:23] by which America is emerging on the [00:02:26] world stage. This will very much be the [00:02:29] war in which the United States very much [00:02:31] joins the concert of nations, so to [00:02:33] speak. Very good. What else? [00:02:34] >> Social Darwinism. [00:02:35] >> Social Darwinism. Very good. [00:02:38] Social Darwinism. [00:02:40] that survival of the fittest ideology [00:02:43] that we will definitely see as it [00:02:45] relates to this imperial game, the great [00:02:47] wars that will kind of wrap up the [00:02:49] European process of conquest and [00:02:51] competition. Does that feel like we've [00:02:53] gotten everything or are there more big [00:02:55] ah one more big thing we talked about? [00:02:56] >> Naval arms race. [00:02:57] >> The naval arms race. Very good. Thank [00:02:59] you for reminding me about that one. I [00:03:01] was just gonna keep going. the naval [00:03:02] arms race in which the United States [00:03:04] recognizes that if it wishes to join the [00:03:07] imperialism, the competition and to [00:03:10] become part of this race to the top of [00:03:13] world power, it needs a what to join [00:03:15] that process? [00:03:16] >> A navy. As we saw last week, that navy, [00:03:19] the appropriations bill in the early [00:03:21] 1890s under which American president? [00:03:24] >> Harrison. [00:03:25] >> Harrison. Very good. under Harrison will [00:03:27] be the key to America building a navy [00:03:29] that will allow it to challenge its [00:03:31] first big European competition [00:03:33] internationally. So for us to do this, [00:03:35] for us to talk about the SpanishAmerican [00:03:37] War in the next hour, uh a war that took [00:03:40] six months that was fought in [00:03:43] two different three different um [00:03:45] continents and certainly will be one of [00:03:47] America's most important early wars. [00:03:50] We'll just have to kind of uh we'll go [00:03:51] for it together. Yeah, we'll see how we [00:03:53] do in in the next five or six slides. [00:03:55] So, let's go ahead and jump into this. [00:03:57] Uh, as always, you all know me. Um, [00:03:59] whenever we talk about a historical [00:04:00] event, we need to go back four or 5 [00:04:03] hundred years to understand how things [00:04:04] start off. So, in this case, we're going [00:04:06] to go backwards and we're going to look [00:04:07] at what gets America to this war. How [00:04:11] America finds itself involved in a war [00:04:13] in the Caribbean that previously um in [00:04:17] the 1800s most Americans would not have [00:04:19] been terribly aware of and certainly [00:04:20] wouldn't have concerned themselves in [00:04:22] terms of fighting an international war [00:04:24] with one of the established European [00:04:26] powers. So for us to do that, we need to [00:04:28] go backwards and look at whose empire, [00:04:31] whose great Caribbean and formerly great [00:04:33] North and South American empire are we [00:04:35] going to talk about today? [00:04:36] >> Spain. The SpanishAmerican War, [00:04:38] therefore probably involves the Spanish. [00:04:40] So let's talk about Spain. [00:04:43] As I've probably mentioned before, at [00:04:45] least hope I've mentioned before. When [00:04:47] we talk about America's wars of [00:04:49] emergence, we have to be really clear [00:04:50] here. When we say emergence on the world [00:04:53] stage, we're also really talking about [00:04:54] the birth of America as an empire. These [00:04:57] will be the decades that we'll be going [00:04:58] through in the next few weeks in which [00:05:00] America goes from a continental empire [00:05:03] from sea to shining sea to possessions [00:05:06] well across the world. We talked a [00:05:08] little bit last week about coing [00:05:10] stations. We talked a little last week [00:05:11] about the growth of the American Navy. [00:05:13] We'll see how that will impact this [00:05:15] process. But by and large, the entire [00:05:17] reason for this is that as some empires [00:05:20] die, others emerge on the stage to take [00:05:23] their place. Today is very much a [00:05:25] crossroads war in which one empire on [00:05:28] the the downs slope of its career, so to [00:05:30] speak, will give way to a new empire [00:05:33] emerging and changing its role in world [00:05:35] affairs. So, let's think about what we [00:05:37] know about Spain. Go backwards 400 [00:05:40] years, and what can you tell me about [00:05:41] Spain's role in the world? [00:05:48] started in [00:05:51] Mexico to Central America and wealth [00:05:55] because of the resources. [00:05:57] >> Very good. Spain beginning all the way [00:06:00] backwards in the the early 1500s with [00:06:02] Columbus and the various concistadors [00:06:04] conquer themselves an empire in North [00:06:07] and South America. Very good. And that [00:06:09] empire primarily for most of its time [00:06:11] will be p kind of predicated on two big [00:06:14] possessions. Now, it had territory [00:06:16] stretching from modern California all [00:06:18] the way to Argentina, a Titanic empire [00:06:20] in North and South America. But its two [00:06:23] most beloved possessions, its two most [00:06:25] important possessions during that time [00:06:27] were what? Two modern countries? Cuba [00:06:31] and [00:06:33] not the Philippines in North and South [00:06:35] America? [00:06:37] I'll give you a hint. America already [00:06:38] had a war with that one, too. Mexico. [00:06:40] Very good. Cuba and Mexico were [00:06:43] certainly its most important [00:06:45] possessions. But by this point, by the [00:06:47] late 1890s, when we get to this war, [00:06:50] what's happened to the vast majority of [00:06:51] the Spanish Empire? [00:06:54] >> It's gone. What's happened? [00:06:56] >> Lost the Spanish Armada. Going back from [00:06:59] there, when they lost [00:07:00] >> Well, we go a long way back and we go to [00:07:02] the the Armada. If we just look at [00:07:03] what's happened in North and South [00:07:04] America, what has happened in almost [00:07:06] every one of its former imperial [00:07:08] possessions? [00:07:08] >> They rebelled. [00:07:09] >> They had rebellions. Very good. various [00:07:11] revolutions, most of them [00:07:14] after the Napoleonic Wars in which the [00:07:17] Spanish Empire has kind of been [00:07:19] disconnected from Spain itself. Vast [00:07:21] majority of Spain's former colonies have [00:07:24] left Spain in one in in some way, shape, [00:07:26] or form. All that's left of its major [00:07:29] possessions in North and South America [00:07:30] are what two islands? Cuba and [00:07:34] >> Puerto Rico. Very good. Now, as that [00:07:37] says to us, Whoops. [00:07:40] See, I told you all about that [00:07:42] handwriting. Puerto Rico and Cuba. These [00:07:46] two possessions are basically all that's [00:07:48] left of what was once a great and power [00:07:51] powerful empire. Most Europeans now see [00:07:55] Spain as [00:07:57] to put it in the way in which they might [00:07:59] uh say it, the sick man of Europe. a [00:08:02] country that is no longer as powerful as [00:08:04] it used to be, no longer as strong as it [00:08:06] used to be, but is certainly in a lot of [00:08:09] ways not willing to face that fact, not [00:08:11] willing to see itself being eclipsed on [00:08:13] the world stage. And as we can probably [00:08:16] expect then this of course uh gets [00:08:19] America involved because what happens in [00:08:21] Cuba? What can we assume based on what's [00:08:23] happening in North and South America [00:08:25] across all their other possessions? [00:08:26] >> Another revolution. [00:08:27] >> Another revolution. Now, Cuba will go [00:08:30] through a major revolution. In fact, [00:08:32] Cuba will go through several major [00:08:35] revolutions starting in the 1860s. But [00:08:37] the one that matters the most to us is [00:08:39] one that starts in the late 1880s. And [00:08:41] that revolution, as you might expect, [00:08:44] um, becomes very important for the [00:08:46] Spanish government, very important for [00:08:48] the Spanish leadership. [00:08:50] As we can see, and as we can probably [00:08:53] tell from the pictures we're looking at [00:08:54] here, most of Spain's political [00:08:56] leadership is not only aware of Cuba's [00:08:59] importance to the Spanish Empire, but is [00:09:01] completely and utterly unwilling to see [00:09:03] Cuba let go. It would be like for us as [00:09:06] Americans to watch what's the most [00:09:09] important state we have in America? [00:09:11] >> California. [00:09:12] >> Wow, you all really said California [00:09:13] really quickly. Since we're in Kentucky, [00:09:15] we're going to say it's Kentucky is the [00:09:17] most important state in the United [00:09:18] States. It would be like watching [00:09:19] Kentucky walk away one day. And not only [00:09:22] walk away, but walk away in a in a way [00:09:24] that shows that your empire, this great [00:09:26] and powerful empire that's existed for [00:09:28] 400 years, is well and truly done. Can [00:09:32] Spain let go of Cuba? [00:09:34] No. In fact, let's listen to the Spanish [00:09:37] prime minister as he says it in 1897. [00:09:40] The Spanish nation is disposed to [00:09:43] sacrifice to the last paceta of its [00:09:45] treasure and to last drop of blood of [00:09:48] the last Spaniard before consenting that [00:09:50] anyone snatch from it even one piece of [00:09:53] its territory. Does this sound like a [00:09:55] government that is willing to concede [00:09:57] anything to the revolution or willing to [00:09:59] brookke any opposition from outside [00:10:01] nations? No. Definitively not. And as we [00:10:05] might expect then in revolutions of this [00:10:07] nature in which the Cuban people wish [00:10:09] for their freedom from the Spanish [00:10:10] imperial power, what generally happens? [00:10:13] Is this a friendly fun time for [00:10:15] everybody? No. This becomes not only a [00:10:19] very bloody revolution but an immensely [00:10:21] ugly uh anti-revolution so to speak. [00:10:25] First, the leadership of Spain, this is [00:10:27] Maria Christina, who is the uh queen of [00:10:29] Spain, Queen Consort, begins to dis uh [00:10:32] to send thousands upon thousands of [00:10:34] Spanish troops. They are not willing to [00:10:37] lose Cuba to the Cuban rebels. And the [00:10:39] Cuban rebels are not willing to do what [00:10:41] with Spain, [00:10:43] >> join, [00:10:44] >> compromise, so to speak, stay. It is [00:10:46] either Cuban freedom or it is what? [00:10:49] >> Death. And this is what happens [00:10:51] relatively quickly is this becomes death [00:10:54] for thousands upon thousands of Cuban [00:10:56] rebels and then la later as policies go [00:10:59] for thousands upon thousands of Cuban [00:11:01] civilians because various Spanish [00:11:03] commanders during the period are sent [00:11:05] over. Each one has a different idea of [00:11:07] how to put down the rebellion. The most [00:11:09] well-known certainly the most bloody of [00:11:12] all of them is Valyriano Vyler. Vyler [00:11:16] gets the nickname the butcher because of [00:11:18] how effective he is at uh killing Cuban [00:11:22] rebels. He even comes up with a policy [00:11:24] that might sound very 20th century in [00:11:27] that his idea for ending the revolution [00:11:29] is to put as many of the Cuban civilians [00:11:32] in what we would call today [00:11:34] concentration camps to prevent them from [00:11:36] assisting the rebels. They're called [00:11:38] reconentrados. And the whole idea for [00:11:41] him is that the best way to deal with [00:11:42] this is to separate the rebels from the [00:11:44] civilian population. As you might [00:11:46] expect, this leads to what? [00:11:51] >> Backlash. Absolutely. We'll get to that [00:11:53] in a moment. 100% right. [00:11:54] >> Mass killings. [00:11:56] >> Mass killings. [00:11:57] >> Uprisings. [00:11:58] >> Uprisings continue. But what would you [00:12:00] expect in these camps themselves in [00:12:03] terms of the population? [00:12:04] >> Disease. [00:12:05] >> Disease. Starvation. Malnutrition. [00:12:08] Thousands die. Depending on which [00:12:10] historical sources you're working from, [00:12:12] as many as 250 to 400,000 civilians will [00:12:16] die during this uprising alone. As you [00:12:19] might expect, does that lead to an [00:12:20] international outcry? Very much so. That [00:12:23] international outcry is probably most [00:12:25] important for what country that is very [00:12:28] close by? [00:12:29] >> The United States. [00:12:29] >> The United States. So, here's how the [00:12:31] United States gets involved, so to [00:12:32] speak, is how far is Cuba from the [00:12:36] United States itself at its closest [00:12:37] point? [00:12:38] >> 90 miles. It is closer from uh Cuba to [00:12:42] the United States as it is from [00:12:44] Louisville to Lexington, if we're [00:12:46] putting that as as bluntly as possible. [00:12:48] See, that's that local geography we've [00:12:50] got to mix in when we're on TV. Right. [00:12:52] So, Cuba is close. And what does that [00:12:55] probably mean for Americans? Cuba is [00:12:58] >> it's in our backyard. It's in our [00:13:00] backyard. [00:13:01] >> You, as we know from what historical [00:13:04] policy in the 18 early 1800s, the United [00:13:07] States is very concerned about what [00:13:09] happens, so to speak, in its backyard. [00:13:11] What policy are we talking about? [00:13:13] >> Monroe. [00:13:13] >> Monroe. The Monroe [00:13:15] >> doctrine. [00:13:18] The Monroe Doctrine [00:13:20] says as Americans and as the United [00:13:22] States, we have a responsibility for [00:13:24] countries in North and South America. [00:13:27] We'll see kind of the downside of that [00:13:28] throughout this course. But in this [00:13:30] case, many Americans, certainly [00:13:32] America's political leadership, will pay [00:13:34] close attention to the events in Cuba [00:13:36] because they have a fear that those uh [00:13:39] events might affect the United States in [00:13:41] some form or fashion. Primarily, in what [00:13:43] way are most Americans initially [00:13:45] concerned with what's going on in Cuba? [00:13:47] What's the biggest reason that most [00:13:49] Americans are paying attention to [00:13:50] anything during the guilded age? [00:13:52] >> Money. [00:13:52] >> Money. America has a lot of business [00:13:56] concerns. [00:13:58] The United States is very involved in [00:13:59] the Cuban economy. It has been for [00:14:01] several decades. Most Americans [00:14:03] initially are only paying attention to [00:14:05] the revolution as it might impact [00:14:07] American economic security in the [00:14:09] country. We will see later in this [00:14:10] class, particularly as we get to the [00:14:12] banana wars of the late 1800s and early [00:14:14] 1900s, that American economic [00:14:17] opportunity and our naval uh power will [00:14:20] go handinand for quite a bit of time. In [00:14:22] this case though, America is very much [00:14:25] aware that things are changing. However, [00:14:28] Cuba is not the biggest thing on [00:14:31] American minds in the mid 1800s. In [00:14:33] fact, America is gearing up for probably [00:14:36] its most important presidential election [00:14:38] it will have up to this date after the [00:14:40] Civil War. That is that is the election [00:14:43] of 1896. Very good. the election of 1896 [00:14:47] which pits two very different men very [00:14:51] different political outlooks against one [00:14:53] another. Who are the two big [00:14:54] presidential candidates in 1896? [00:14:57] >> McKinley and William Jennings Brian. [00:14:59] >> Very good. William McKinley and William [00:15:01] Jennings Bryan. If we wanted to go into [00:15:03] the differences between these two guys, [00:15:05] it would take us the next hour and a [00:15:06] half. We do not have an hour and a half. [00:15:08] So suffice to say, Bryant rep generally [00:15:11] is a representative of what part of [00:15:14] America? [00:15:14] >> Populist working class. [00:15:16] >> Populist working class to put it bluntly [00:15:19] America's poorer elements. His vision [00:15:22] for the Democratic party is the silver [00:15:24] standard. Uh a way in which American [00:15:26] credit can be extended to those poorest [00:15:28] in the United States to give opportunity [00:15:30] across the board to lower level [00:15:32] Americans. On the converse then is [00:15:35] William McKinley who represents what? [00:15:36] >> The rich. the rich, big business. The [00:15:38] Republican party at the time is very [00:15:40] much, as we've seen, goes handinand [00:15:42] glove with major commercial interests. [00:15:45] In 1896, are most Americans paying [00:15:47] attention to what's happening in Cuba? [00:15:49] No. Are most Americans paying attention [00:15:51] to what's happening in the election [00:15:53] itself? Yes. In fact, this is one of the [00:15:55] highest turnout elections in American [00:15:58] history. As much as 80% of all American [00:16:02] voters who are eligible will vote in [00:16:04] this election. If we compare this to the [00:16:06] last American election that you all [00:16:07] were, did you all vote in this last [00:16:09] presidential election? Yeah. About how [00:16:11] many Americans voted in the presidential [00:16:12] election last go around? [00:16:14] >> 30. [00:16:15] >> Not 30. It's not that bad. [00:16:17] >> It's generally hovers around 50%. So [00:16:20] think about it that way. If we compare [00:16:21] the average American election of the [00:16:23] last 30 years or so, they hover around [00:16:25] 50%. This election garnered 80% of all [00:16:29] eligible Americans participated in this. [00:16:31] Can we say that the American people are [00:16:32] paying attention to this election? [00:16:34] definitively. Now, what we shouldn't [00:16:36] confuse, though, is the relationship of [00:16:38] these two men with the politics of the [00:16:40] Cuban Revolution. Most Americans at the [00:16:43] time, the vast majority of Americans at [00:16:45] the time have one word that summarizes [00:16:47] their view of America's place in the [00:16:49] world. And it's what? It's an ism. It's [00:16:52] an ism we have to get really used to [00:16:54] over the next few weeks. It is not [00:16:56] interventionism. It is [00:16:57] >> isolationism. [00:16:58] >> Isolationism. Very good. [00:17:04] isolationism. That is that the United [00:17:07] States has bigger concerns at home than [00:17:10] it does abroad. The number of Americans [00:17:12] who are really keen on growing the [00:17:14] American empire, so to speak, most of [00:17:17] them won't emerge until this war itself. [00:17:20] But as you might expect, given how bad [00:17:22] the Cuban Revolution is going in terms [00:17:24] of the atrocities, in terms of the [00:17:26] violence, the death in the camps, most [00:17:28] Americans begin slowly but surely to [00:17:31] turn their attention to Cuba after the [00:17:32] election of 1896. Who wins the election [00:17:35] of 1896? [00:17:37] >> McKinley wins the election of 1896. And [00:17:40] he will be, for a lot of reasons, one of [00:17:42] the most important American presidents [00:17:43] during this era. What's McKinley's [00:17:47] opinion about Cuba? What's his opinion [00:17:49] about Spain? [00:17:53] >> He doesn't really care. To put it [00:17:55] bluntly, most Americans are far more [00:17:57] concerned with what's going on in the [00:17:59] United States. As we talked about with [00:18:01] the Guilded Age, most Americans are [00:18:03] really paying attention to economically [00:18:04] what's happening in the country. The the [00:18:07] panic of the early 1890s of 1893 has [00:18:10] just kind of broken out. The American [00:18:12] economy is not in a great place. [00:18:14] Americans are far more concerned about [00:18:15] what's happening in their pocketbooks [00:18:17] than what happening in a an island 90 [00:18:19] miles to the south. So with that being [00:18:22] said, what is America likely to do if [00:18:26] it's going to intervene in something [00:18:28] like this? Will America take a hand and [00:18:30] simply declare war on Spain and say [00:18:32] we're here to clean up what you're doing [00:18:33] in Cuba? No. But can it be blind to the [00:18:37] humanitarian problems intended in this [00:18:39] revolution? No. And we should see this [00:18:42] very clearly. Even if we do say that [00:18:45] business might be the starter for a lot [00:18:47] of the reasons America is paying [00:18:48] attention in Cuba, fundamentally America [00:18:51] pays more attention to the Spanish [00:18:53] problem here, to the Cuban revolution [00:18:55] for reasons of humanitarianism. [00:19:00] What does that mean to you? [00:19:04] What is humanitarianism? [00:19:07] >> The welfare of people. The welfare of [00:19:09] not just our people but all people [00:19:12] should be something the United States [00:19:13] cares about. This is a really key [00:19:16] concept for us to grasp in this class [00:19:18] because this will not be the last time [00:19:20] the United States involves itself in [00:19:22] international affairs for reasons of [00:19:24] humanitarianism. Can we think of other [00:19:26] examples in world history in which [00:19:28] America gets involved because others are [00:19:30] suffering? [00:19:31] >> World War II. [00:19:32] >> World War II. [00:19:33] >> Berlin airrop. [00:19:34] >> Berlin airdrop. [00:19:36] >> Mogadishu. Any others? Korea. [00:19:38] >> Korea. Korea a little less so. [00:19:40] >> Bosnia. [00:19:41] >> Bosnia definitively. Very good. Yuguslav [00:19:43] conflicts which we'll look at later in [00:19:45] this class. America. What's that? [00:19:46] >> Suez. [00:19:48] >> Suez crisis a little less so. But we'll [00:19:50] talk about more. You're you are all on [00:19:52] the right track. Is that this need to [00:19:54] make sure the United States is doing [00:19:56] right by others who are suffering is a [00:19:58] big part of our foreign policy. Right. [00:20:00] So we would ex we would essentially see [00:20:02] this as what? the first the first [00:20:05] example of America's military [00:20:07] humanitarianism. I want you to put a [00:20:09] star by that because that phrase will [00:20:10] come back a lot in this class [00:20:12] particularly in theme four. Now as it [00:20:15] relates to this moment though the United [00:20:17] States the United States can't be seen [00:20:19] to be doing nothing either about the [00:20:20] humanitarian issues or more specifically [00:20:23] about protecting America's business [00:20:25] interests. So the United States [00:20:26] government decides to do what? What does [00:20:29] it have available suddenly after the [00:20:31] early 1890s? a great way. [00:20:33] >> It has a fleet. It has a navy. If it [00:20:35] wishes to look like it's doing [00:20:36] something, if it wishes to actually do [00:20:38] something, it might be good to have [00:20:41] military options on the scene. And so it [00:20:45] sends what? What's the big picture in [00:20:48] the bottom left? [00:20:50] >> This is the USS Maine. This is a [00:20:51] battleship. This is one of America's [00:20:53] brand spanking new battleships. [00:20:57] And the USS Maine is sent where? [00:21:00] C-SPAN's lectures and history podcast [00:21:02] continues in a moment. Now, back to [00:21:04] C-SPAN's Lectures and History podcast. [00:21:07] >> If you wanted to be sure you were [00:21:09] keeping an eye on what's happening in [00:21:10] Cuba, you send it to what? [00:21:12] >> Cuba's biggest port, which is [00:21:15] >> Havana. We send the USS Maine to Havana. [00:21:18] And the USS Maine is sitting in the [00:21:20] Havana harbor. When everything changes, [00:21:24] what happens to the main? [00:21:26] >> It explodes. Here is a uh not a picture. [00:21:29] Here is a drawing of the devastation and [00:21:32] the explosion of the USS Maine. One [00:21:35] night, uh, suddenly in the middle of the [00:21:37] night, the USS Maine blows up. And we'll [00:21:41] talk about just in a second why that [00:21:42] happens. But here is a picture of the [00:21:44] aftermath. It settles in roughly 30 feet [00:21:47] of water. Almost the entire crew, [00:21:49] something like 75 80% of the crew is [00:21:52] killed. What caused the explosion of the [00:21:54] USS Maine? [00:21:55] >> A faulty boiler. [00:21:56] >> A faulty boiler. That is indeed [00:21:58] generally what historians have concluded [00:22:00] that either the boiler or the engine [00:22:02] room led to a chain fire which got its [00:22:05] way into the ammunition and blew up the [00:22:07] ship. Is that probably how America [00:22:10] reacted? [00:22:11] >> No, not really. [00:22:13] >> The general assumption at the time is [00:22:15] that Spain did it. Now, why in God's [00:22:18] name would Spain do that? [00:22:22] >> Yes. the the idea among Americans that [00:22:24] Spain is threatened, that Spain has been [00:22:26] doing these terrible things and doesn't [00:22:27] want the United States involved in [00:22:29] what's happening in Cuba and blew up the [00:22:31] main on purpose. That is exactly exactly [00:22:34] what who says what is the biggest group [00:22:36] in America that trumpets that idea? [00:22:39] >> Journalists. [00:22:39] >> The journalists. This is the age of [00:22:43] yellow journalism. Very good. [00:22:46] And this is very important [00:22:48] because the American public in the 1890s [00:22:52] is doing what? More than it ever has [00:22:54] historically. It's [00:22:56] >> reading newspapers. [00:22:57] >> Reading newspapers. About 50 years [00:23:00] before this, there were something in the [00:23:01] neighborhood of 300 major national [00:23:04] newspapers or at least 300 circulating [00:23:06] newspapers. By 1895, how many newspapers [00:23:09] circulate daily in the United States? [00:23:12] 45,500. [00:23:13] Which means Americans are [00:23:16] paying more attention. To put it more [00:23:19] clearly, if not everything is parochial, [00:23:21] then certainly more Americans are aware [00:23:23] of what's happening. Take a look at some [00:23:25] of the newspaper headlines. Does this [00:23:27] seem like a newspaper set that is [00:23:31] terribly interested in facts, terribly [00:23:33] interested in making sure that they get [00:23:35] everything right? Both Spain and the [00:23:38] United States call for an independent [00:23:39] investigation. Eventually that [00:23:41] investigation will conclude what? [00:23:45] >> No. [00:23:46] >> Oh, you said independent. [00:23:47] >> An independent investigation will [00:23:48] eventually conclude it was an accident. [00:23:51] But by that point, what will have [00:23:52] already happened? [00:23:54] >> The SpanishAmerican War will have [00:23:55] already occurred. Now, what this means [00:23:58] is that Americans by and large are not [00:24:01] only suddenly much more aware of the [00:24:03] Cuban situation. They also now believe, [00:24:06] as you can tell from these various and [00:24:08] very interesting ways of looking at it [00:24:10] from the newspapers, that Spain did it [00:24:13] on purpose. And Spain is eager to fight [00:24:15] a war with the United States so that the [00:24:17] United States does what? [00:24:21] >> Cuba. [00:24:22] >> Leaves Cuba and Spanish business to [00:24:24] Spain. Now, as you can probably expect, [00:24:26] if we have described Spain as the sick [00:24:29] man of Europe, what does Spain actually [00:24:31] want in terms of a war with the United [00:24:32] States? [00:24:34] >> The direct opposite of that. If it can't [00:24:36] put down a revolution in Cuba, how much [00:24:38] of a chance does it stand in fighting [00:24:40] the United States? [00:24:44] >> We'll see. We'll talk about that. [00:24:45] Obviously, Spain does not want the [00:24:47] complications of a war. But if we think [00:24:50] about where we are historically on the [00:24:52] world stage, Spain has been one of the [00:24:54] most important countries in Europe for [00:24:57] a thousand years, certainly the last [00:24:59] 500. What about the United States? [00:25:04] Well, yeah, exactly. The United States [00:25:06] is not necessarily known as a European [00:25:07] power yet. As we've talked about, if [00:25:09] we're in America's wars of emergence, is [00:25:12] America really rated as much of a power [00:25:14] on the world stage? In fact, our army is [00:25:17] 180th the size of the German army at the [00:25:20] time. Most Americans do not see us as a [00:25:23] power yet, and the Europeans definitely [00:25:25] don't see us as a power yet. So, with [00:25:28] that being said, [00:25:31] we end up in a war. and we end up in our [00:25:33] first big war that we can tell now from [00:25:36] a mixture of good reasons, this [00:25:38] humanitarianism [00:25:40] and as we now know uh a bit of this [00:25:43] journalistic malpractice is the best way [00:25:45] to put it. Yes. And this is how we get [00:25:47] into war with Spain. So, do we feel [00:25:50] solid there? Do we feel solid as what's [00:25:52] gotten us to this war? In that case, [00:25:54] let's jump into the war itself. Spain [00:25:57] has three big possessions that the [00:25:59] United States can strike at easily [00:26:01] because as we've seen in the early [00:26:03] 1800s, in the early 1890s I should say, [00:26:06] excuse me, the United States has worked [00:26:07] on very hard to build itself a what? [00:26:10] >> A fleet. We have a navy. We have the [00:26:14] ability theoretically to go anywhere we [00:26:16] want in the world and strike at anyone's [00:26:19] possessions if we need to. That doesn't [00:26:21] mean we have the biggest navy. It [00:26:23] doesn't mean we have the most powerful [00:26:24] navy. But over the course of 10 years, [00:26:26] the United States has spent a lot of [00:26:28] time and money building what kind of [00:26:30] navy? What would we call it at the time? [00:26:33] >> White. [00:26:34] >> Great white fleet. Sure. A a battleship [00:26:37] navy. Definitively. But what would we [00:26:39] say if in the 1890s it was being built [00:26:41] as opposed to say the 1840s? [00:26:45] >> H [00:26:47] >> advanced [00:26:48] >> advanced. It's a very modern fleet. It [00:26:50] is up to-date in all of the most [00:26:52] important ways. The United States, as we [00:26:54] know from the Guilded Age, has what? [00:26:56] >> Money. [00:26:56] >> Money. It has the industrial base. It [00:26:59] can build itself a tough, strong, new [00:27:02] navy. And Spain is very vulnerable [00:27:05] because its possessions are where? [00:27:09] >> Far away. On the water. This seems like [00:27:11] a really good matchup for the United [00:27:12] States. Is there any world in which the [00:27:14] United States is going to deploy [00:27:15] thousands of soldiers to Spain itself? [00:27:18] No. If the fight is about Cuba, is about [00:27:21] the Cuban revolutionaries, we have a [00:27:23] wonderful advantage in that Cuba is [00:27:26] right next door. Puerto Rico is right [00:27:30] next door. There is one other big [00:27:32] possession though that is not right next [00:27:34] door and that's what [00:27:36] >> the Philippines. So those are our three [00:27:38] big big possessions that we have to [00:27:41] examine. [00:27:43] I always spell Philippines wrong, so I'm [00:27:45] gonna assume you guys are going to spell [00:27:46] check yourself. So, the Philippines, [00:27:49] we'll get to the Philippines in just a [00:27:50] second, but in terms of the map, in [00:27:52] terms of where we're thinking, where [00:27:54] we're at worldwide, the Philippines [00:27:56] could not be further from the United [00:27:59] States. They are thousands of miles west [00:28:01] of where [00:28:04] >> California. Hell, they're thousands of [00:28:05] miles west of Hawaii. It is quite quite [00:28:08] a boat ride to get over there. But the [00:28:10] United States has been thinking about [00:28:12] this war for at least the last several [00:28:14] months. and during those months had [00:28:16] dispatched one of its fleets to China [00:28:18] with the idea that if a war broke out, [00:28:20] it could do what? [00:28:23] >> Immediately jump on the Philippines from [00:28:25] close by. As you might expect, then if [00:28:27] I'm putting all of this emphasis on the [00:28:29] fact the United States has a brand new [00:28:31] modern navy, what's Spain probably [00:28:33] working with? [00:28:34] >> Old. [00:28:35] >> An old, not modern, much less advanced [00:28:38] navy. It's not usually a good thing [00:28:41] historically to be called the sick man [00:28:43] of any continent, much less e much less [00:28:46] Europe. But the Spanish Navy in the [00:28:48] 1890s is going in the opposite direction [00:28:50] of the United States. It's older. It's [00:28:53] less advanced. Its guns reach shorter. [00:28:55] Its fuse is less effective. In effect, [00:28:58] the United States Navy is well [00:29:00] advantaged when it comes to fighting the [00:29:02] Spanish. And so America dispatches top [00:29:05] left one of its most uh ambitious young [00:29:09] admirals and sends him off to the [00:29:11] Philippines. This is who? [00:29:12] >> Dwey. [00:29:13] >> Dwey. Very good. This is George Dwey. [00:29:16] And George Dwey will strike the first [00:29:18] blow in this great colonial and imperial [00:29:21] war for the United States thousands and [00:29:24] thousands and thousands of miles from [00:29:27] where? [00:29:30] Cuba. If we said we got started in this [00:29:32] because of Cuba, why do we end up in the [00:29:34] Philippines? [00:29:40] >> Because Spain owns it. [00:29:41] >> Because Spain owns it. There's the long [00:29:42] and short of it. Is if it's a part of [00:29:45] the Spanish Empire, is it eligible to be [00:29:47] attacked? Yes. Now, as we'll talk about, [00:29:49] there's also things happening in the [00:29:51] Philippines that will have a major [00:29:53] impact on this course. What can we [00:29:54] probably assume is happening in the [00:29:56] Philippines that's happening in Cuba? [00:29:57] There's yet another revolution. We will [00:29:59] talk about that as well. But for this [00:30:01] moment and in this spot here, all we [00:30:03] have to do is recognize two big [00:30:05] important battles. The United States [00:30:07] will fight two big naval battles during [00:30:09] this war. The first occurs here at [00:30:12] Manila Bay. If you take a look at the [00:30:14] picture in the bottom left, you'll see [00:30:15] the actual schematics of the battle. [00:30:17] Essentially, what happens here is quick [00:30:21] and ugly. Dwey steams up to Manila. The [00:30:25] Philippines have been in the Spanish [00:30:26] Empire since when? [00:30:31] the early 1500s, steams right up to the [00:30:34] capital of the Philippines, sees the [00:30:36] Spanish fleet, and does what? [00:30:39] >> Destroys it. [00:30:40] >> Attacks. Yes. Destroys it too. He [00:30:42] famously tells his officer as soon as [00:30:44] they spot the uh the Spanish Navy, "You [00:30:47] may fire when ready, Gidley." And [00:30:49] Gridley does what? [00:30:51] >> Fires. In barely a few hours, the entire [00:30:55] Spanish Navy is sunk. Thousands of [00:30:58] Spanish sailors are killed and wounded. [00:31:00] The entire Navy is destroyed. The [00:31:03] Americans lose how many men? [00:31:06] Four. Two of whom die of heat stroke [00:31:09] because it's so hot that day. To say [00:31:11] that it's a uh clear victory would [00:31:14] probably be putting it lightly. So far, [00:31:16] America's had one test. And how has the [00:31:18] Navy done? [00:31:20] >> Really, really, really well. to say that [00:31:22] the United States has invested in the [00:31:24] Navy, has done well preparing the Navy, [00:31:27] has created a navy that can fight on an [00:31:29] international stage. If this is our [00:31:31] first test, how's it gone? Very well. [00:31:34] How do you how do we think that the [00:31:36] Europeans beyond the Spanish think this [00:31:39] is going to go? [00:31:43] >> No. In fact, most of the Europeans [00:31:44] believe who is going to win this war. [00:31:47] >> Spain. Why? [00:31:50] When is the last time the United States [00:31:51] fought a war against the European power? [00:31:54] >> 1812. [00:31:54] >> The War of 1812. It is now 1898. If [00:31:58] those of you who took American one with [00:32:00] Professor Goldberg, how did the War of [00:32:02] 1812 go for us? [00:32:04] Not so hot is a good answer. Very [00:32:07] poorly. In fact, America has not fought [00:32:09] an international war to this point that [00:32:11] the Europeans have been involved in. [00:32:12] Most Europeans do not see this coming [00:32:14] and so will not see any of this coming [00:32:17] as it continues. The next naval battle [00:32:20] we'll get to in just a moment. But [00:32:22] first, let's examine what's happening [00:32:25] that causes the second naval battle. If [00:32:27] America is going to take the imperial [00:32:30] possessions of Spain militarily as well [00:32:32] as defeating their navy, it then needs [00:32:34] to probably do what? [00:32:38] >> Invade. [00:32:38] >> It needs to invade. It needs to put [00:32:40] troops in what country in particular? [00:32:42] What uh island in particular? [00:32:45] >> Cuba and maybe Puerto Rico. Cuba is the [00:32:48] goal. Cuba is the focus. But we've spent [00:32:51] a lot of time in the last few weeks [00:32:53] talking about the growth of the American [00:32:54] Navy. What kind of time have we spent [00:32:56] talking about the growth and [00:32:58] professionalism of the American Army? [00:33:00] >> None. The the look on your faces that [00:33:02] kind of like, did I miss a lecture face? [00:33:05] No, you didn't miss a lecture. The [00:33:06] American army in the 1880s and 1890s has [00:33:09] generally been what? [00:33:11] >> Decline. [00:33:12] >> A decline might be too strong. [00:33:14] >> Underfunded. [00:33:15] >> Underfunded. underprepared, certainly [00:33:18] not ready for what? [00:33:20] >> A major international war. The reasons [00:33:24] for this are myriad. And so I want us to [00:33:26] remember this really clearly as we go [00:33:28] forward in this class because this will [00:33:30] impact this war. It will impact World [00:33:32] War I. And it will certainly certainly [00:33:35] down the road impact America's [00:33:37] preparedness for what big war? [00:33:39] >> World War II. [00:33:39] >> World War II. America will perform. Here [00:33:42] is the statement I want you to remember [00:33:43] and put in your notes. America will [00:33:45] perform so effectively in World War II [00:33:49] because it learns the lessons of its [00:33:51] failings where [00:33:54] here and [00:33:56] World War I. Keep that in mind as we go [00:33:59] through the next few weeks. The [00:34:01] SpanishAmerican War shows that the [00:34:03] American army that has been essentially [00:34:07] not growing and not professionalizing on [00:34:10] the same lines as the American Navy in [00:34:12] the post civil war period will have a [00:34:14] significant issue as it attempts to go [00:34:16] from fighting wars primarily against who [00:34:20] have we fought who are the only wars [00:34:22] we've talked about in the post civil war [00:34:23] period. [00:34:24] >> The Native Americans out west. Can you [00:34:26] go from small cavalry actions out west [00:34:29] to a major international invasion just [00:34:31] like that? No. Here's the issue. So, the [00:34:35] United States suddenly needs to deploy a [00:34:37] large army that it does not have against [00:34:40] Cuba and Puerto Rico at a time where it [00:34:43] essentially has not been preparing for [00:34:45] anything like this. The Navy good. The [00:34:47] army [00:34:49] less good. If you want to sum it up in [00:34:51] your notes that way, this is where we're [00:34:52] going. So, let's look at what happens. [00:34:54] Let's look at what causes these basic [00:34:56] issues. First and foremost, the biggest [00:34:58] single issue of the United States Army [00:35:00] in the 1800s is a lack of what? Starts [00:35:04] with an O? [00:35:05] >> Organization. [00:35:06] >> Organization. It is a lack of [00:35:08] organization. [00:35:11] The organizational problems faced by the [00:35:14] army are largely a one of its own [00:35:16] creation, but also fundamentally one of [00:35:18] its foreign policy. Has there been a [00:35:21] need for a large land army in the post [00:35:23] civil war period? No. So why would you [00:35:25] have one? In turn, then we have to think [00:35:28] about America's historical roots as a [00:35:31] country with a military. If we were to [00:35:33] go backwards to American military one, [00:35:35] looking at my American military one [00:35:36] people, the the way in which the [00:35:38] American army was always supplemented [00:35:41] during wartime was with with what [00:35:43] organization? [00:35:44] >> Militias. [00:35:44] >> The militias. Very good. By now, the [00:35:47] militia has been transformed into what [00:35:50] big organizational group that still [00:35:52] exists. [00:35:53] >> The National Guard. Very good. [00:35:58] I hope you guys can read upside down and [00:36:00] sideways because as I run out of space, [00:36:01] that's where we're going to be. The [00:36:03] National Guard. And the National Guard [00:36:05] is predicated on what level of [00:36:08] organization? Where is it organized? [00:36:11] >> State by state. Very good. State by [00:36:14] state. [00:36:16] As you might expect, then what does that [00:36:18] mean in terms of how efficient it is, [00:36:20] how coordinated it is, how ready for an [00:36:22] international war it is? If I were to [00:36:25] tell you that instead of the army, the [00:36:27] navy, our international navy was [00:36:29] organized on state lines, would that [00:36:30] make much sense to you? Kentucky has a [00:36:33] battleship. Does that sentence make a [00:36:35] lot of sense to you? [00:36:36] >> Defend the river. [00:36:36] >> Yes. Defend the Ohio River is our top [00:36:38] priority for people from Indiana. No, [00:36:41] that doesn't make a ton of sense. But [00:36:42] that's exactly how the army is [00:36:44] organized. a small army of regulars and [00:36:47] theoretically tens of thousands of who? [00:36:50] >> Volunteers. [00:36:51] >> Volunteers, reservists or National Guard [00:36:53] soldiers that can be called up. But as [00:36:55] you might expect, then does that mean [00:36:57] that they're organizationally on the [00:36:59] same level? Is there a difference [00:37:01] between New York National Guard and [00:37:03] Kentucky National Guard, Indiana [00:37:05] National Guard and Florida National [00:37:06] Guard, Florida National Guard and all of [00:37:09] the rest of the people in this country? [00:37:10] You know what I'm saying? The whole [00:37:11] point being that there is very little [00:37:14] coordination and there is very little [00:37:17] organizational uh process behind this. [00:37:20] And so when it comes time for a major [00:37:22] war, is the US military ready? No. [00:37:26] Despite the fact that the Navy is [00:37:28] prepared for this war, the army has done [00:37:30] very little to prepare. And as we will [00:37:32] see then once the crisis goes from [00:37:35] possible war with Spain to we need [00:37:37] soldiers in Cuba as fast as possible. [00:37:40] What does that probably mean for [00:37:41] America's readiness? [00:37:44] >> It's not it's not great. I'll put it [00:37:47] this way. 10 times more American [00:37:50] soldiers will die in the SpanishAmerican [00:37:53] War from disease, malnutrition, and a [00:37:57] lack of medical supplies than they will [00:37:59] of Spanish bullets. Because the army is [00:38:01] simply what? [00:38:03] >> It's not ready. It's not prepared. And [00:38:05] thousands of American soldiers will be [00:38:07] deployed to Cuba long before how they'll [00:38:10] be supplied, long before how medicine [00:38:12] will be transported to them, and long [00:38:14] before they will be organizationally [00:38:15] prepared to do so will ever be [00:38:17] established. [00:38:18] >> Is that because like they were pushing [00:38:20] people to join the Navy because they [00:38:21] wanted it to be like so much bigger and [00:38:24] better than it was? [00:38:25] >> That's a great question. So the question [00:38:26] is, is this because the Navy is [00:38:28] essentially better prepared and is [00:38:30] recruiting people? By and large, no. [00:38:32] That while the Navy is recruiting people [00:38:34] and is better prepared, the issue here [00:38:36] is this, and you've hit on the big [00:38:37] question. It's really functionally not [00:38:40] just one of organization, but one of [00:38:44] professionalism. [00:38:47] We've talked a little bit in this class [00:38:48] and we certainly talked in American one [00:38:50] about the big professional process of [00:38:52] the American army and that usually was [00:38:55] created by what? How do you become a [00:38:57] professional in the military? You go to [00:39:00] >> military [00:39:01] >> go to military schools. We'll talk about [00:39:03] what that means in terms of going to [00:39:04] West Point versus being in the National [00:39:06] Guard. But by and large, why did [00:39:09] soldiers at the time join the National [00:39:11] Guard? [00:39:15] What's the best thing about being in the [00:39:16] National Guard from say a Kuckian's [00:39:18] perspective in the 1800s? [00:39:21] Is he ever going to be sent overseas? [00:39:23] No. Who picks the officers in the [00:39:25] National Guard in the 1890s? [00:39:29] >> State legislator. [00:39:30] >> State legislatores, state politicians, [00:39:32] so to speak. If I wanted to pick my [00:39:34] cousin to be a colonel in the National [00:39:37] Guard in 1890, is there any rule that I [00:39:40] can't do that? What if my cousin is my [00:39:42] idiot cousin who shouldn't be serving in [00:39:44] the National Guard? Can I pick him? [00:39:46] >> Yes. Because what does that office come [00:39:48] with? [00:39:48] >> Money. [00:39:49] >> Money. The whole point and process of [00:39:51] the National Guard is that it's not [00:39:52] nearly as professional as the Navy. It [00:39:54] does not yet have the same standards. [00:39:56] The National Guard today very different. [00:39:58] The National Guard in the 1890s is [00:40:00] protected at the time by what we call [00:40:02] the National Guard lobby, which keeps [00:40:04] the power and the purse at the state [00:40:06] level. These are not army units designed [00:40:09] for international conflicts. They're [00:40:11] essentially designed for what? [00:40:14] >> Defense. [00:40:15] >> Be even more blunt. Defense is not a bad [00:40:18] answer, but be real. They're designed [00:40:20] for what? [00:40:21] >> Unrest. [00:40:23] >> Yes. What is the biggest single [00:40:24] deployment that the National Guard has [00:40:25] seen internally since the Planes Wars? [00:40:29] >> Riots. [00:40:29] >> Riots. [00:40:30] >> Labor riots. [00:40:31] >> Labor riots primarily. So really what [00:40:33] they're designed for is staying at home. [00:40:36] They're not designed for an [00:40:37] international war. Great question. So [00:40:39] what that generally means then is are [00:40:42] National Guard units terribly willing to [00:40:44] serve alongside the professionals from [00:40:46] West Point? No. In fact, let's just ask [00:40:48] one. We don't have to we don't have to [00:40:50] do too much of me answering this. Here's [00:40:52] an officer in the 7th New York National [00:40:54] Guard in his opinion. To fight for my [00:40:56] country as a volunteer in the regiment [00:40:58] that I love would be glorious pleasure, [00:41:00] but to serve in the regular army and do [00:41:02] chores for some Westp pointer, well, I'd [00:41:05] rather be excused. This is generally the [00:41:07] attitude that a lot of the National [00:41:08] Guard has. It is not willing to submit [00:41:11] itself to the regular army's discipline. [00:41:13] It is not terribly ready to submit to [00:41:15] the war department itself. And by and [00:41:17] large, that probably is going to create [00:41:19] what problem? [00:41:20] >> C-SPAN's lectures and history podcast [00:41:21] continues in a moment. Now, back to [00:41:23] C-SPAN's lectures and history podcast [00:41:30] >> infighting [00:41:31] >> disorganization. [00:41:32] >> Disorganization. And as we will see it [00:41:34] is going to lead to American deaths in [00:41:37] the field because of this lack of [00:41:38] professionalism. So we have to remember [00:41:41] then by and large the army that will be [00:41:43] called up is made up of who? These are [00:41:47] all other than the regular is what kind [00:41:49] of soldier? [00:41:50] >> Volunteers. These are citizen soldiers. [00:41:53] the the promise, so to speak, [00:41:56] of American history throughout its [00:41:59] historical military uh apparatus has [00:42:02] been that when in doubt, the US military [00:42:04] will be filled with people who are [00:42:06] willing to go serve in this war. Is that [00:42:09] the case? [00:42:11] Yes. Tens of thousands followed by [00:42:14] hundreds of thousands will volunteer. [00:42:16] The single biggest issue is not the [00:42:18] number volunteering, but what? [00:42:21] >> Getting them there. getting them there [00:42:22] and getting them there with enough [00:42:24] medicine, supplies, and food to actually [00:42:27] make the war winnable. One will happen, [00:42:30] the other will not happen. So, by and [00:42:32] large, it's not just which people [00:42:33] volunteer, but whether or not they can [00:42:35] get on the boat and get over there. Most [00:42:37] famous of all of those who will [00:42:39] volunteer, get on the boat and go over [00:42:41] there is who? [00:42:42] >> Teddy. [00:42:42] >> Teddy Roosevelt. As we will see later, [00:42:45] and as we'll listen to Teddy Roosevelt [00:42:46] just now, Teddy Roosevelt quits his job [00:42:49] as what? ironically [00:42:51] >> under secretary [00:42:52] >> under secretary of the Navy to f form a [00:42:55] volunteer regiment called the [00:42:57] >> rough [00:42:58] >> the rough riders and he like thousands [00:43:00] of other Americans will volunteer now he [00:43:03] will interestingly enough use his [00:43:04] political power to make sure he gets a [00:43:06] spot on the boat but he will use this [00:43:08] very effectively as a springboard for [00:43:10] his political career as we will see in [00:43:12] this class so what happens is the United [00:43:16] States has to deploy a large army if we [00:43:19] would assume That's the predicate [00:43:21] problem. By and large, then the way in [00:43:23] which that happens is haphazard at best. [00:43:28] Um, that might even be a polite way of [00:43:30] putting it. Concerns at the national [00:43:33] level aren't necessarily about one of [00:43:35] strategy. They aren't necessarily one [00:43:37] even about how the war is going to be [00:43:39] won so much as it is about making sure [00:43:41] that the army that gets over there is [00:43:44] representative of national interests and [00:43:46] shows national solidarity so to speak. [00:43:51] Why do we think that is? Why would that [00:43:52] be a concern of the army or the [00:43:54] government at all? [00:43:56] >> Civil War. [00:43:56] >> Yeah, the whole civil war thing, right? [00:43:58] Do you remember that thing 30 years [00:43:59] before when we were tearing each other [00:44:01] apart over sectional interests? Is there [00:44:04] a reason the United States government [00:44:06] might be interested in putting those [00:44:08] feelings away? [00:44:11] What might be some ideas they would have [00:44:13] to make that kind of part of the [00:44:14] process? What's something the US [00:44:16] government could do to make it feel like [00:44:18] those old sectional um divides are going [00:44:21] away in this war? [00:44:23] >> Make them states. [00:44:26] >> They're already states again. [00:44:27] Reconstruction's over. So all of the [00:44:28] southern states have been readmitted to [00:44:30] the Union. the former general. So, the [00:44:32] Confederate will lead fight in the [00:44:34] Spanish. [00:44:34] >> Very good. If you all see in the picture [00:44:36] in the top left, we'll get to him in a [00:44:38] second. Joseph Wheeler, exconfederate [00:44:42] >> general, will be selected as one of the [00:44:44] divisional leaders in the US military to [00:44:47] fight in the SpanishAmerican War. He is [00:44:50] uh a short and gaunt man by this point. [00:44:52] He is in his 60s, but he's picked [00:44:54] largely because the US military thinks [00:44:56] that reconciliation matters almost as [00:44:58] much as military preparedness. What is [00:45:01] another big decision the US government [00:45:03] makes in this way? [00:45:05] >> Do they have north and southern troops [00:45:07] fighting like on the same battlefields? [00:45:09] >> They certainly will. Very good. And for [00:45:11] that to happen, what needs to happen in [00:45:13] terms of what states are selected to [00:45:15] deploy? [00:45:18] The US government prioritizes that every [00:45:21] state get at least one unit onto a [00:45:24] battlefield over whether or not that is [00:45:26] the [00:45:28] >> the the best way to do things. Does this [00:45:30] sound like the best organized war? It [00:45:33] doesn't necessarily sound like we're [00:45:34] spending the most time on winning it so [00:45:36] much as we're spending time on [00:45:38] >> vibes, [00:45:38] >> doing it vibes, doing it the right way, [00:45:41] so to speak. And so what that creates is [00:45:43] a bit of a confused mess. The man who is [00:45:46] picked to lead the American army, [00:45:48] William Shater, is another example. He [00:45:51] is largely the most senior. He is not [00:45:54] healthy enough to fight in this war. He [00:45:56] will spend the vast majority of his time [00:45:57] in Cuba, miles behind the line because [00:46:01] he doesn't feel well enough to actually [00:46:02] be fighting in the war. Again, a pick [00:46:05] where it's more political than it is [00:46:07] professional. And so what happens is the [00:46:10] United States lands in Cuba in the far [00:46:14] southeast and will move slowly along to [00:46:18] where the Spanish fleet has sailed. Now [00:46:20] as we saw what happened to the first [00:46:22] Spanish fleet we examined in the [00:46:24] Philippines, [00:46:25] >> destroyed. The second Spanish fleet is [00:46:29] under the the command of this man. See [00:46:31] him in the bottom right. This is Pascal [00:46:33] Cava. [00:46:35] He has uh less um oh what's the best way [00:46:39] to put this? He's less than optimistic [00:46:41] about the task that's been set to him. [00:46:43] He hears about the Philippines. He knows [00:46:46] about the growth of the American Navy [00:46:48] and he's told by the Spanish government, [00:46:50] "I need you to sail from Spain to Cuba. [00:46:53] Please don't die." How does he see his [00:46:56] job? [00:46:58] >> Suicide mission. [00:46:59] >> Yes, a suicide mission. And and several [00:47:01] times he tells the Spanish government [00:47:03] what? [00:47:06] >> Please don't make me go. For the love of [00:47:08] God, don't send me to Cuba. And what [00:47:10] does the Spanish government say? [00:47:12] >> Good luck. Have fun. And they send him [00:47:15] to Cuba. Where the very first thing he [00:47:17] does is what? Does he confront the [00:47:19] American Navy that's waiting for him? [00:47:21] No. He does what? [00:47:23] >> He runs. He finds the He's smart. Very [00:47:25] smartly, let's not tease him too much. [00:47:28] he finds the the best place he can hide. [00:47:30] And that place to hide is in Santiago [00:47:33] Duba, which is the big uh harbor on the [00:47:36] eastern side of Cuba itself. And he puts [00:47:39] his ships up the creek, as you can see [00:47:40] in the bottom right, up the big river [00:47:43] and make sure that the American [00:47:44] battleships can't do what? [00:47:47] >> Can't get to him. He's going to sit out [00:47:49] this war as long as possible without [00:47:51] having to send his fleet out to disaster [00:47:53] because what does he assume will happen? [00:47:55] >> They get blown out of the water. they'll [00:47:57] get blown out of the water. He is not [00:47:58] terribly uh excited about the prospect [00:48:01] of fighting. The only way that they can [00:48:03] be forced out of this harbor and the war [00:48:06] can be won is what? [00:48:08] >> Capturing the harbor by land. [00:48:10] >> Very good. Capturing the harbor by land, [00:48:13] which is where who comes in? [00:48:16] >> The American army, which has been landed [00:48:19] far to the east and is now marched [00:48:21] overland. These are the famous battles [00:48:23] that we'll put down as our case study [00:48:25] number three. This is Elani Elcan and [00:48:27] San and San Juan Hill. These are very [00:48:30] famous battles for a variety of reasons. [00:48:32] Mostly because Teddy Roosevelt is very [00:48:34] good at uh self uh promotion and also [00:48:37] because they're really America's biggest [00:48:39] war between the Civil War and World War [00:48:42] I. The images that come out of these [00:48:44] battles are very much mixed up in [00:48:46] American romanticism. Certainly [00:48:48] certainly a byproduct of America's kind [00:48:51] of yearning for victory at the time as [00:48:53] much as its new art style. the biggest [00:48:56] uh artist and illustrator of this era [00:48:58] will watch this war from Cuba. Who know [00:49:01] does anybody know the artist Frederick [00:49:03] Remington? [00:49:05] >> No. Maybe Remington is a very big artist [00:49:07] at the time. He mostly paints. What can [00:49:10] you probably expect? An artist of the [00:49:11] time to love painting. [00:49:13] >> Battle scenes. [00:49:14] >> Battle scenes. Particularly from what [00:49:16] era? Not the Civil War. [00:49:18] >> Planes Wars. [00:49:18] >> The Planaines Wars. Very famous. If you [00:49:20] Google Frederick Remington later, a [00:49:21] thousand things will come up. I [00:49:23] recommend there's your homework for [00:49:24] tonight. Google Frederick Remington. [00:49:26] Okay. Remington like others will be [00:49:27] present at this war. Now the way in [00:49:30] which this is fought though is Shatner [00:49:34] must move the American army overland [00:49:37] which means the Spanish army is what? [00:49:39] >> Entrenched. [00:49:40] >> Entrenched and ready for him. The [00:49:42] Spanish army is led by this man in the [00:49:44] center. This is Arsenio Lenares. Lenares [00:49:48] uh and the Spaniards have two major [00:49:51] advantages against the Americans. The [00:49:54] single biggest advantage is what? [00:49:56] >> The mouser. [00:49:57] >> The m Well, yes, we'll get to the mouser [00:49:59] in a second. That's the second biggest [00:50:00] advantage, which we'll get to. [00:50:01] >> They're entrenched. [00:50:02] >> They're entrenched and they're also [00:50:06] >> there's more of them. By and large, the [00:50:08] Spanish have been ready for the [00:50:10] Americans for some time. There are at [00:50:12] least 15 to 20,000 more Spanish soldiers [00:50:15] in the area than there are Americans. [00:50:18] But that's comes with a huge caveat. [00:50:21] They are generally demoralized after [00:50:23] years of fighting a rebellion that they [00:50:25] are not winning. Food and medicine for [00:50:28] them are just as in short supply as the [00:50:29] Americans and they know that the [00:50:32] Americans are coming for them. So [00:50:33] Lararsis tells them to dig in to [00:50:35] entrench themselves. Now as you [00:50:38] mentioned they also have another [00:50:39] significant advantage and that's the [00:50:41] rifle they are using. They are using a [00:50:42] mouser rifle which has been recently [00:50:44] purchased from what country produces [00:50:47] mousers? [00:50:47] >> Germans. [00:50:48] >> The Germans. The United States has [00:50:50] recently purchased a new gun as well, [00:50:52] the [00:50:53] >> Craig Jorgensson, which is a [00:50:55] significantly significantly less uh h [00:50:59] what's the word for it? Uh it's just not [00:51:01] as good of a gun. That's the best way to [00:51:02] put it. The main military weapon of the [00:51:05] time, the rifle, the mouser outranges [00:51:08] the American Craig Jorgensson by two to [00:51:10] one, which means that the Spaniards are [00:51:12] now entrenched. They have more men and [00:51:15] they're carrying a better gun. and the [00:51:17] Americans have created a bit of an [00:51:19] organizational mess. How are these [00:51:20] battles gonna go? [00:51:24] >> They'll be crushing victories for the [00:51:25] United States. So, the question is why [00:51:28] then, right, that feels like a real [00:51:29] misdirect. I know I do that sometimes. [00:51:31] The question is why? The answer comes [00:51:34] down to the hills themselves. Take a [00:51:36] look at the map in the top uh right and [00:51:38] you'll see that the Americans don't [00:51:40] really have much of a choice but to [00:51:42] attack directly against these [00:51:44] entrenchments. Generally, if we were to [00:51:46] put all of those things together, they [00:51:48] outrange us, they're dug in, and we have [00:51:51] to attack frontally. Does that sound [00:51:53] like a victory for the Americans? Oh, it [00:51:55] sounds like what? [00:51:57] >> A bloody defeat. The mistake here is [00:52:00] tactical. And when we talked at the [00:52:02] beginning of this class, what level did [00:52:04] we say tactics belong under? At the [00:52:07] battles themselves, the way in which [00:52:08] soldiers are deployed in a fight. [00:52:10] Tactically, the United States soldiers [00:52:13] will have a massive advantage because [00:52:14] the Spaniards make a terrible mistake. [00:52:17] How many of you all when you were kids [00:52:18] played the game King of the Hill? [00:52:21] That was a surprising number of hand [00:52:22] raises. Good. What is the game King of [00:52:24] the Hill? [00:52:25] >> Stay on top of the hill. [00:52:26] >> Got to stay on top of the hill. The [00:52:28] Spaniards in this case have what? [00:52:31] >> They have the hill. They have the [00:52:32] entrenchments. They dug themselves in at [00:52:35] the top of these hills. But there's a [00:52:37] problem here. If you're ever going to [00:52:39] play King of the Hill again, I suggest [00:52:40] you all go do that. Organize your dorm [00:52:42] room into a game of King of the Hill [00:52:44] because I'm going to tell you the secret [00:52:45] to winning King of the Hill here. If I [00:52:48] were to tell you, I don't really have a [00:52:50] good eraser, but we're going to do this [00:52:51] the best we can. [00:52:55] >> I guess I can just turn it around. [00:52:58] >> Yeah, I know. Here we have this again. [00:53:00] Say this is a hill. [00:53:02] That's our hill. Great hill, huh? Where [00:53:05] would you choose to defend it if you are [00:53:08] the king of the hill and must prevent [00:53:09] the Americans from getting on top of it? [00:53:12] >> The base. At [00:53:12] >> the top, right? Well, if I'm at the [00:53:14] base, what happens here? Do I have the [00:53:16] hill anymore? I've given up the ba. If I [00:53:18] take the base, I've given up the hill. [00:53:20] Where would I go instead? [00:53:21] >> Top. [00:53:21] >> The top. The top of the hill. That's [00:53:24] exactly where who digs in. [00:53:28] >> The Spaniards. And it's a Titanic [00:53:31] mistake. One of the weird little [00:53:34] idiosyncrasies of military tactics is [00:53:36] that you, if you're ever in combat or [00:53:38] playing king of the hill and you're told [00:53:40] to hold the hill, never seize the top. [00:53:43] Instead, you have to seize what? [00:53:45] >> The base. [00:53:46] >> Not the base. [00:53:47] >> Not the top. [00:53:48] >> What's called, Here's our $10 word for [00:53:50] the day. The military [00:53:55] crest. [00:53:57] What do we think that means? Uh, is that [00:54:00] where you can stand just so you can see [00:54:02] over the top and shoot over it? [00:54:03] >> Close. [00:54:04] >> Where you can shoot or at other people, [00:54:06] but they can't shoot at you. [00:54:07] >> Very good. The military crest is [00:54:10] wherever on the hill you have the best [00:54:12] what? [00:54:15] >> Line of sight to the enemy and are least [00:54:18] exposed to [00:54:20] >> return. [00:54:21] >> Return fire. Very good. Where on this is [00:54:23] the military crest actually? [00:54:26] >> Back down a little bit. Not back down. [00:54:29] This is our front. Sorry, I should have. [00:54:32] >> Where's the military crest? Here. Here. [00:54:35] Here. Here. Here. Here. Come on. Give me [00:54:39] something. I'm working hard here. [00:54:42] >> Here. Very good. The military crest is [00:54:44] almost always on the forward of the hill [00:54:47] down a bit from the top of the hill [00:54:48] because it affords the defender the [00:54:50] ability to see the enemy coming but also [00:54:54] not have fire returned at them [00:54:56] automatically when they open fire. This [00:54:58] is a a very elementary tactic in a very [00:55:02] hyperp profofessionalized modern [00:55:03] military at the time is it well known [00:55:07] depends on which military textbook you [00:55:09] use. Which military textbook did Arcenio [00:55:11] Lares use? Not one that explained that [00:55:14] concept. And so the Spanish soldiers, [00:55:17] despite having the advantage of the [00:55:19] hill, do not have the advantage of the [00:55:22] >> military crest. Come on, guys. Military [00:55:24] crest. [00:55:26] I know. I know it's embarrassing, but [00:55:28] we're embarrassed to get it. So, Lararss [00:55:31] deploys his soldiers forward, and the [00:55:34] American soldiers by and large have no [00:55:36] choice but to do what? [00:55:38] >> Charging. charge it. And that's exactly [00:55:40] what happens. It helps in particular [00:55:43] that there are a series of very brave [00:55:45] commanders under American leading the [00:55:47] American units. Leonard Wood, Teddy [00:55:49] Roosevelt, and dozens of others will [00:55:51] lead American units not only very [00:55:53] bravely, but immensely, immensely [00:55:56] tenaciously when even a simple [00:55:58] counterattack by the Spanish might have [00:56:00] been very devastating. Here's one of [00:56:02] those weird little moments in this war. [00:56:04] Joseph Wheeler, who he met because he [00:56:06] was a [00:56:08] >> ex-confederate, um, apparently kind of [00:56:10] lost it during the fighting. And when he [00:56:13] saw Spanish soldiers running, he [00:56:15] apparently yelled, "We've got the [00:56:17] Yankees on the run." [00:56:19] A little bit concerning uh, as an [00:56:21] ex-confederate. Maybe the sun got to [00:56:23] him. But, as we uh, probably can find [00:56:25] out then, the United States, despite the [00:56:28] bloodletting, does what? [00:56:31] >> Wins. [00:56:31] >> Wins. takes all of these positions from [00:56:34] the far northern sector to basically [00:56:37] down at the San Juan Heights, the area [00:56:39] that will give Teddy Roosevelt such a [00:56:41] name on the American body politic. Why [00:56:45] is this important? Well, for one, on the [00:56:49] strategic level, what does it mean for [00:56:51] the harbor itself in Santiago Duba? [00:56:54] >> It's cut off. [00:56:54] >> It's cut off. If American forces have [00:56:57] now gotten close enough to the city to [00:56:59] bring up artillery, what does that mean [00:57:01] for Cava's navy? [00:57:02] >> Sitting ducks. [00:57:03] >> They're sitting ducks, which leads to [00:57:05] what? [00:57:07] Our other naval battle. Cava, after [00:57:10] hearing about what's happened at San [00:57:12] Juan Heights, says, [00:57:15] "It's time to go. I got to leave." The [00:57:18] problem for Cava is he is not [00:57:21] particularly excited about this [00:57:23] prospect. In fact, he is pretty sure [00:57:24] that the second they leave, what will [00:57:26] happen? [00:57:27] >> They'll all die. [00:57:28] >> They'll all die. Let's let's listen to [00:57:30] him. Does this sound like a ringing [00:57:32] endorsement about of what's about to [00:57:34] happen? Quote, "The enemy covets our old [00:57:37] and glorious hulks. For this he has sent [00:57:40] against us all the might of his young [00:57:41] squadron. But only the splinters of our [00:57:44] ships will he be able to take and only [00:57:46] obtain our weapons when corpses we float [00:57:49] on these waters which have been our [00:57:52] Spains. [00:57:54] If I was a guy on the ship and that's [00:57:56] what the admiral says. [00:57:59] This is going to be a rough afternoon. [00:58:02] Basically, what's he saying? [00:58:04] >> We're going to die. [00:58:04] >> We're all going to die. But at least [00:58:06] we're going to die [00:58:07] >> for Spain. for Spain and [00:58:10] bravely. We have to give the Spaniards [00:58:12] some credit here. To do this, to make [00:58:14] this decision and to know they are going [00:58:17] to their certain deaths requires a great [00:58:19] deal of bravery. In a moment like this, [00:58:21] that's all that really can be said. [00:58:23] Because once the Navy decides to head on [00:58:25] off, all that matters is whether or not [00:58:27] the American Navy is waiting for them. [00:58:29] Is the American Navy waiting for them? [00:58:31] Yes. It's under a blockade led by these [00:58:34] two men in the top right. I want you to [00:58:35] get their names down. Samson and Shaye [00:58:38] for the important part that Samson is [00:58:40] probably one of the most professional, [00:58:42] most dedicated, and hardest working [00:58:44] American naval officers in American [00:58:46] history. What's the problem with him and [00:58:48] Shaye? [00:58:50] They hate each other. They really, [00:58:52] really don't like each other. And Samson [00:58:54] has recently had to leave the blockade [00:58:56] squadron which he's created to liaz with [00:58:59] the American army on land leaving Shaye [00:59:01] in command of the blockade. Right when [00:59:04] what happens? [00:59:07] >> Cava pops out of the the river. And so [00:59:10] Shaye will get all the credit for what [00:59:12] Samson has created in terms of a [00:59:13] blockade that's lasted months. Take a [00:59:16] look at the picture in the bottom right [00:59:17] and you will see what happens. What can [00:59:19] we probably assume has happened given [00:59:22] what Cava has told us? How does the [00:59:24] battle of Santiago Duba go for the [00:59:26] Spaniards? [00:59:28] >> Poorly. [00:59:30] >> The Navy, the Spanish Navy has to sail [00:59:32] out one ship at a time. The Americans [00:59:35] notice them after how long? [00:59:37] >> First ship. [00:59:38] >> First ship. And so for the next few [00:59:41] hours, each Spanish ship will come out [00:59:44] one at a time, and the American [00:59:46] battleships will wait to do what? [00:59:48] Obliterate [00:59:49] >> pounce question. [00:59:51] >> Why or how' they end up with five beach [00:59:53] ships? [00:59:55] >> Five what ships? [00:59:55] >> Five. Five beach ships. [00:59:57] >> Good question. So what will happen here [00:59:59] is as you can see from the map, the red [01:00:01] line is what? [01:00:04] >> Spanish ships and the blue line is [01:00:06] >> American ships. What can we probably [01:00:08] guess from what the map tells us? What [01:00:09] can we probably assume? [01:00:11] >> The American ships as soon as they see [01:00:13] the Spaniards come out do what? [01:00:15] >> Give chase. [01:00:16] >> To give chase. And the question for the [01:00:18] Spaniards is one of two things. We can [01:00:20] either we can either die fighting or we [01:00:23] can [01:00:24] >> run the ship [01:00:26] >> on a on ground. And that's what happens. [01:00:29] All of the Spanish Navy is either run [01:00:31] ground or destroyed in the water. Not a [01:00:33] single one escapes. The American Navy [01:00:36] annihilates them. Thousands of Spanish [01:00:38] sailor sailors die or captured in what [01:00:41] is essentially [01:00:43] a 4-hour fight. Again, American [01:00:46] casualties are under a dozen. Two naval [01:00:51] fights, two what? [01:00:54] >> Stunning victories. [01:00:54] >> Stunning victories. [01:00:57] So far has the American Navy performed. [01:01:01] >> Really, really, really well. And in [01:01:04] doing so, it has assured Spain of what? [01:01:07] >> Defeat. [01:01:07] >> Defeat. With no navy, is there a way [01:01:10] that the Spanish can go to the [01:01:11] Philippines and reconquer the [01:01:13] Philippines? Can they prevent American [01:01:15] landings on Puerto Rico, which will [01:01:17] follow? Can they prevent the Americans [01:01:20] from seizing all of Cuba? [01:01:22] What's got to happen now? [01:01:25] >> Peace conference. [01:01:26] >> That's exactly it. Spain [01:01:29] has to surrender. And therefore, we get [01:01:32] to the end of today's lesson. What is [01:01:34] the treaty that will end the war between [01:01:36] the United States and Spain? [01:01:38] >> Treaty of Paris. [01:01:39] >> The Treaty of Paris. Here's a here's a [01:01:41] trivia question for you guys. Whenever [01:01:43] there is a treaty sign in any class I'm [01:01:45] teaching, it's probably what [01:01:47] >> the Treaty of Paris. Remember that next [01:01:49] time you're playing like Wordle or [01:01:50] whatever those games are you all play. [01:01:51] Is Wordle the right one? Next time [01:01:53] you're on TikTok [01:01:55] and they're asking you trivia questions [01:01:57] about treaties in the 1900s, it's [01:02:01] probably the Treaty of Paris. So, let's [01:02:03] examine the Treaty of Paris. [01:02:07] The Treaty of Paris, the 1899 version, [01:02:11] because there's only like 40 other more [01:02:12] versions, is really, really, really [01:02:15] important for us because is it is the [01:02:18] birth of what for the United States? [01:02:20] >> Empire. [01:02:20] >> It's the birth of the empire. [01:02:22] >> In this treaty, the United States will [01:02:24] acquire for the first time what? [01:02:28] >> Colonies. Our first colonies will come [01:02:31] to us through this treaty. Now, of the [01:02:34] three island groupings that we've looked [01:02:36] at or the three islands that belong to [01:02:38] Spain, which of the three can we [01:02:40] obviously and definitively not keep as a [01:02:42] colony? [01:02:45] >> Cuba. [01:02:45] >> Cuba. Why Cuba? [01:02:48] >> Cuba will gain its what? [01:02:50] >> Independence. [01:02:50] >> Yes. Why? [01:02:51] >> Because that's what we entered the war. [01:02:53] >> Yeah. Wouldn't it be a little bit [01:02:54] hypocritical for us to go to war with [01:02:55] Spain over Cuba's independence and then [01:02:57] say, [01:02:58] >> "I'm going to keep it." Actually, [01:03:01] >> no. So that would be a bit rough. So we [01:03:03] decide thanks to the teller amendment [01:03:05] that we will not keep Cuba. What will we [01:03:08] keep from Cuba though? [01:03:09] >> Guantanamo. [01:03:10] >> Guantanamo Bay. You want to know where [01:03:12] we get Guantanamo Bay of such recent [01:03:14] fame? [01:03:16] >> Guantanamo Bay we keep as part of the [01:03:18] Treaty of Paris with the Cubans. We will [01:03:20] maintain a relationship with Cuba for a [01:03:22] very long time. We'll talk about in the [01:03:23] 50s why that changes. So then what are [01:03:26] the other two islands? [01:03:27] >> Puerto Rico. [01:03:28] >> Puerto Rico. Which do we keep? [01:03:31] >> Yes. In fact, what is America's current [01:03:33] relationship to Puerto Rico? It is still [01:03:35] a [01:03:35] >> territory. [01:03:36] >> Territory. It is still part of the [01:03:37] United States government without [01:03:38] actually being a [01:03:40] >> state. Next week, we'll examine a very [01:03:43] similar situation, Hawaii, that instead [01:03:45] of becoming a territory will become a [01:03:47] >> state. We'll talk about the differences [01:03:48] in that one. Last and most importantly [01:03:51] for our military history class is who? [01:03:53] >> The Philippines. [01:03:53] >> The Philippines. The Philippines are [01:03:56] very key for us understanding [01:04:00] where we're headed. [01:04:02] >> We are headed to the Pacific. America [01:04:04] will get bigger. It will get more [01:04:06] powerful. It will get involved in wars [01:04:08] far far away from where it is. Take a [01:04:12] look at the map in the top left and you [01:04:14] will see just how things begin to [01:04:16] stretch. It is not only far from the [01:04:19] Hawaiian Islands, it is immensely far [01:04:21] from where? [01:04:23] >> Mainland. [01:04:23] >> The mainland. We could not have picked a [01:04:26] territory to keep further away. And most [01:04:28] importantly, what did we say the [01:04:29] Philippines were in the midst of when we [01:04:31] arrived with Dwey and his fleet? [01:04:32] >> They were in a revolution. [01:04:33] >> They were in a revolution as well. When [01:04:35] we come back on Monday, we will talk [01:04:37] about the Philippine Revolution, [01:04:39] Aguinonaldo, who leads it, and how the [01:04:41] United States decides rather than [01:04:44] letting the Philippines have their [01:04:45] independence as well, that what? [01:04:49] >> We're going to keep it. They will be a [01:04:51] colony. And we will send hundreds of [01:04:53] thousands of American troops, far more [01:04:55] than we ever sent to Spain to make sure [01:04:57] that the Philippines and the rebellion [01:04:59] that we see as a problem for us is put [01:05:01] down. That will be our first great war [01:05:04] of imperialism, as we will see. Now, [01:05:07] what we will really get into and what I [01:05:09] want us to leave on today is the [01:05:11] fundamental debate that the [01:05:13] SpanishAmerican War will create in the [01:05:15] United States because it is [01:05:17] fundamentally one about two options for [01:05:20] America's future. Take a look at the [01:05:22] picture in the bottom center and you [01:05:24] will see where we are headed as a [01:05:26] country. It's a question of whether or [01:05:28] not the United States as a democratic [01:05:30] nation, as a nation founded on the pro [01:05:33] the the the relationship between [01:05:35] equality, between American values and [01:05:39] between our democracy can also be what? [01:05:44] >> Expansionist and an [01:05:46] >> an empire. Have other democratic [01:05:49] institutions at various points, [01:05:50] democratic states, have they decided [01:05:52] they can be an empire and a democratic [01:05:55] nation? [01:05:56] What are the two biggest, most obvious [01:05:57] historical examples for the United [01:05:59] States? [01:06:00] >> Great Britain and [01:06:02] >> not France, [01:06:04] >> Greece. The ancient Athenians, a [01:06:06] democracy and an empire. Great Britain, [01:06:08] a democracy and an empire. As we are [01:06:10] about to embark in this class, will the [01:06:12] United States attempt to mix those two [01:06:15] together? A democracy and an empire. [01:06:17] Will Americans debate that fact [01:06:19] definitively? Will we see the [01:06:22] consequences of the SpanishAmerican War [01:06:25] will have an impact on what that empire [01:06:27] is and what wars we will get into? [01:06:30] Take a look at the map as our one last [01:06:32] thing. And I want you to think long and [01:06:33] hard about this. In about 40 years, our [01:06:37] relationship to the Philippines will [01:06:39] lead us definitively into conflicts in [01:06:42] the Pacific. As we probably can assume, [01:06:44] then it will be the Philippines and [01:06:47] America's eye on the wider world that [01:06:49] will lead us down the collision course [01:06:51] with what other growing empire? [01:06:54] >> Japanese. [01:06:54] >> The Japanese. So we when we come back [01:06:56] next week, keep all of that in mind. You [01:06:58] all did wonderfully today. I will see [01:07:00] you on Monday. All right. [01:07:02] >> All right. [01:07:03] >> Good job, squad. [01:07:08] To find more of our history programming, [01:07:10] visit our website at cifenspan.org.